NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer NOPR IPP PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commiss

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1 IPP ISO 1996 RTO 34

2 NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer NOPR IPP PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission PURPAPublic Utilities Regulatory Policies Act 1978 Qualifying Facilities IPP 1 2 QF QF KWh KW 35

3 FERC NOPR Notice of Proposed Rulemaking IPP IPP 1990 IPP IPP 10 IPP 14 3 Energy Information Administration 3 36

4 Energy Information Administration 37

5 IPP IPP IPP SCE NOPR 38

6 FERC FERC IPP IPP RTO IPP 39

7 1992 FERC EPActNational Energy Policy Act FERC 1996 IPP FERC FERC 1996 Order888Order 889 Order888 Order 889 OASIS

8 IPP 1992 IPP IPP PUHCA 1935 PUHCA 10 SEC SEC IPP 1992 EPAct PUHCA IPP PUHCA EWGexempt wholesale generators Order888Order Order 2000 ISOIndependent System Operator Order888 RTGRegional Transmission Groups ISO RTORegional Transmission Organization 1999 Order2000 RTO CPUC PG&E SCE b 41

9 ISO ISO ISO 96 9 ISO ISO ISO California ISO New York Independent System Operator ISO New England Pennsylvania-New Jersey-MarylandPJMInterconnection The Electric Reliability Council of TexasERCOT RTO RTO Order RTO FERC 4 RTO RTO FERC NOPR 5 50 /KWh 50 /KWh 3 / KWh 2002 RTO

10 ISO IPP 16 Nord Pool 1998 PX PX IPP IPP IPP PJM Nord Pool NETA NETA 43

11 1992 IPP IPP IPP KWh 36 SCE 6 6 SCE

12 IPP FERC IPP IPP 17 IPP 18 Energy Information Administration Energy Information Administration 45

13 Energy Information Administration IPP IPP Energy Information Administration 46

14 IPP IPP IPP Energy Information Administration FERC PUC KWh KWh KWh KWh

15 2001 KWh Energy Information Administration KWh KWh KWh Energy Information Administration 48

16 KWh KWh KWh KWh MontanaMassachusettsMaine KWh California HawaiiWashingtonIdahoNevadaOregon Energy Information Administration 49

17 KWh 25 MontanaMassachusettsMaineCalifornia KWh Energy Information Administration 50

18 SCE Southern California Edison 51

19 KWh KWh 2000 KWh 1996 GDP Energy Information Administration /KWh /KWh Energy Information Administration 52

20 California Energy Commission PG&E, San Diego Gas & Electric, Southern California Edison, SMUD, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, BGPGlendale, Burbank, Pasadena GDP 53

21 SCE Southern California Edison GDP 1992 KWh FERC FERC FERC

22 ISO FERC 2000 San Diego Gas&Electric Company SDG&E $150/MWh 2000 $250/MWh 167 $500/MWh 59 FERC

23 / ISO FERC ,522MW 672MW NETA New Electric Trading Arrangement 56

24 ISO ISO QF 57

25 FERC ISO RTO 58

26 EU EU EU 96/92/EC,1996 EU 98/30/EC, EU EU EU 1987 EU EU EU EU 1996 EU

27 11 EU 1996 EU 1998 EU EU , IPP CEGB CEGB 1989 British Gas BG KWh 1986 BG 25,000 BG BG 1995 EU Regulated Access BG 1994 BG Demarcation Agreement 15 Concession Agreement Concession Fee 60

28 50 1,000 61

29 EU

30 RWE Energie AG RWE Energie AG RWE Rurhgas RWE Rurhgas RWE Rurhgas 63

31 RWE RWE OECD Energy Balances of OECD Countries RWE Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein2002 German utilities

32 RWE GDP Rurhgas Rurhgas GDP HICPHarmonised Index of Consumer Price 65

33 18 FERC IPP 1992 KWh ISO EU 66

34 67

35 FCC OFTEL ART RegTP FERC GEMA CRE OECD Federal Communications Office of Commission Telecommunications Federal Energy Gas and Electricity Regulation Commission Markets Authority Federal Energy Gas and Electricity Regulation Commission Markets Authority Civil Aviation Authority 68

36 39 40 Ministère de l Economie, des finances L Autorité de Régulation des et de l Industrie Télécommunications ART Federal Ministry of Economics and Regulatory Authority for Technology Telecommunications and PostsRegTP Department of Trade and IndustryOffice of Telecommunications OFTEL Federal Communications Commission FCC FCCand National Telecommunications and Information Administration NTIAof the Department of Commerce OECD1999 OFTEL Radio Authority Radio Authority OECD

37 OECD OECD Radio Authority OECD OECD1999 OECD OECD

38 OECD The Monopolies and Mergers Commission OECD OECD

39

40 FCC

41

42 75

43

44 ISO RTO

45 Order2000 PURPA FERC QF 1996 Order888 Order889 RTO IPP NGC CEGB RECs Order Order Order Order500 Take or Pay 1992 Order

46 80 EU EEC No.95/ G 35 PCS 3G G EU 96/92/ECEU 98/30/EC EU 96/92/ECEU 98/30/EC 79

47 NTT EU No NTT

48 No.589pp a 2003b NTT 2001 No.604pp FERC Annual Report FERC Annual Report GAO1990 Entry and Competition in the U.S. Airline Industry Issues and Opportunities OECD1997 OECD Report on Regulatory Reform OECD1999 Telecommunications Regulations Institutional Stractures and Responsibilities 81

北東アジア石油市場自由化の進展とその影響に関する調査¨

北東アジア石油市場自由化の進展とその影響に関する調査¨ 1 7 31 11 15 PPS 19 10 4 16 2 2-1 1990 1990 1991 EU EU 1996 EU 2003 900 kwh 1998 2000 EU 2003 EU 2007 EU 2001 FERC FERC FERC 1996 888889 ISO Independent System Operator 1999 2000 RTORegional Transmission

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