1 fall fall Goldberg (. ) A ball fell into the box. (. ) He fell into sleep. He fell asleep. fall (. ) He fell into conversation with her. conversatio

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2 1 fall fall Goldberg (. ) A ball fell into the box. (. ) He fell into sleep. He fell asleep. fall (. ) He fell into conversation with her. conversation with her Tomasello (. ) I watched him. (. ) I watched him running... keep (. ) He kept my book.

3 (. ) He kept me waiting... keep leave. (A) (B) A B 2 leave leave make (. ) I left for Paris. (. ) I left Tokyo yesterday. (. ) I left her two years ago. (. ) I left the book on the table. (. ) I left her a new house. (. ) I left the door open. leave ditransitive purport Goldberg

4 (. ) He me a ball. kick (. ) He kicked me a ball. (. ) I her a new house. (. ) I left her a new house. leave leave. the door open (. ) Keep your hands clean. keep make make (. ) She made a new dress. (. ) She made her daughter a new dress. (. ) She made me angry. (. ) She made me work hard. (. ) We made for Kinkakuji...ditransitive..

5 . (. ) She let me use her mobile phone.... effort make M. Tomasello 3 have have have (. ) I had my watch repaired. (. ) I had my watch stolen. (. ) I had him take my photo. (. ) I had my wife die. (. ) I have a book.. have have have I was stolen

6 have get. have... have.. have

7 4 +ing ing (. ) interest interesting (. ) annoy annoying (. ) surprise surprising (. ) demand demanding ing (. ) (. ) (. ) (. ) (. ) an interesting book (. ) an annoying fly (. ) a surprising news (. ) a demanding child

8 5 X ACT (ON Y) CAUSE BECOME Y BE AT Z! X Y Y Z (. ) Call me Rob. (. ) They named the baby Robert. (. ) He made me work hard. (. ) She keeps her room clean. (. ) Coffee keeps me awake. (. ) Her smile makes me happy.

9 X ACT (ON Y) CAUSE BECOME Y BE AT Z (. ) (. ) (. ) Her letter encouraged me to write this book. (. ) His money enabled him to travel as much as he wanted.

10 (. ) Illness prevented him from attending the meeting. 6. (. ) I climbed the long stairs.. (. ) But I gave up on the way. I got tired..

11 (. ) I climbed the long stairs. But I gave up on the way. I got tired. climbed. (. ) I was climbing the long stairs. be+ ing 7 will would will willwill will be going to will will

12 will (. ) I will it to happen. (volition) (. ) It will happen. Tomasello will realis vs irrealis will I will (. ) He is coming soon. come be going to (. ) Where are you going? - I m going to the library. Why? -To study English. (. ) I m going to study English at the library. Tomasello (. ) How did you come to live in Japan?

13 (. ) I learned to speak Spanish. (. ) As I got to know her better, I came to dislike her. learn get (. ) School begins on April th. (. ) School will begin on April th. (. ) This train leaves at : and arrives at Osaka at :. (. ) So I will be there at :. (. ) Water boils at degrees Celsius. (. ) It rains a lot in June

14 ..... /

15 / 8 just now just now

16 (. ) I learned English. (. ) I have learned English... / (. ) I have a broken finger. have (. ) I have broken a finger. Tomasello. broken Langacker. (. ) I am learning English. phase just now endpoint Vendler () achievements accomplishments activities states (. ) She found her purse. (. ) He pushed the cart to the door.

17 (. ) He pushed a cart. LCS endopoint.endopoint. LCS endpoint break play broke playing Tomasello, (. ) I broke the glass. (. ) I have broken the glass. playing (. ) I was playing. endpoint (. ) I have been playing. endpoint (. ) The light flashed in ten seconds.

18 (. ) The light flashed for ten seconds. Croft endpoint break (. ) He has been breaking glasses for one minute. endpoint (. ) I knew him then. (. ) I know him now. (. ) I have known him for five years. (. ) It has rained a lot. (. ) It has been raining ( for two days)... (. ) I have visited Germany.. (. ) At last I have visited Germany. (. ) I have visited Germany twice.

19 (. ) He is gone. (. ) She is grown-up... breaking broke played playing Tomasello by till until (. ) Here comes a bus... There.

20 . Topos. There + There there locative inversion 9 morphology (. ) unhappy= un + happy : + (. ) have decided = have + decide + ed : + ALT genky genky (. ) That is a very genky class. He is a very genky guy. (. ) luck + i = lucky i

21 genky genk (. ) She is a genk monster. monster a genky monster monster morpheme (. ) Surprisingly he passed the exam. (. ) It is surprising that he passed the exam. Surprisingly (. ) I think this is surprising but he passed the exam. surprisingly speaker s comment B Surprisingly =

22 ! semantics (. ) along across through along across through Croft, Cruse (. ) He walked along the shore. (. ) He walked across the field. (. ) He walked through the tunnel. (. ) as long as as far as long far (. ) I will love you as long as I live. (. ) She is the fastest runner in our school as far as I know..

23 . (. ) no longer / no more (. ) I no longer love her. (. ) I have no more money today... (. ) He had no more than, yen. more (. ) He had a little more than, yen. (. ) He had much more than, yen. no, a little, much... more, no less than (. ) He had not more than, yen. a. x>, b. x=, c. x<, a. (. ) He had not less than, yen.

24 c. (. ) I am particularly interested in syntax. (. ) I am interested in grammar. particular general (whole) general part syntax part whole (. ) This is an especially bright news. particularly especially native kus-ai kus (aku) -aru 10 Words and Rules

25 purport S. Pinker lexicon (words) rules overgeneralization Joseph Conrad

26 Oral English I don t know. I am sleepy. OK overgeneralization

27 References Croft,W. () The structure of events and the structure of language. The new psychology of language: cognitive and functional approaches to language structure, ed. Michael Tomasello,. Croft,W. Cruse, D () Cognitive Linguistics Goldberg, A. E. (). Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Langacker, R. () An Introduction to Cognitive Grammar Tomasello, M. (). The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Tomasello, M. (). Constructing a language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition: Harvard University Press. () ()

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