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1 * * A study on the nurseru method and transplanting of broad leaf shrubs and trees for mountainside revegetation using container-grown seedlings Yoshiaki SHINMURA*,Juemon ITOH*and Toshiji N ARITA* cm P ii N P ( ) 1/3 Hokkaido Forest Experiment Station Bibai Hokkaido [ Bulletin of Hokkaido Forest Experiment Station No 17 October 1979]

2 1/ cm P P P1 P1 50cm No P1 0.5 P0.5 1 P1 50cm P1 2 1 P1 P P1 2 1 P

3 m K 31 F 32g 5g 6g 10cm 2 kg 1.5kg cm 9 3 P1 50cm , 27, 2-1 P1 Table 1. Summary of direct seeding seedlings(p1)in the nursery, Alunus hirsuta + + Soil Subsurface soil and Nuresery soil and Item decomposed bark decomposed bark (%) Survival percent (cm) Mean height (mm) Basal diameter number of germination ( ) cm ( ) number of dead bedween 10cm in height 10 20cm ( ) 7 8 Per container number of dead between 10-20cm number of survied ( ) 2 3 ( ) survival percent per a container P1 Seed quantity is 14g per 100 containers,grains per container. P1 express direct seeding into container seedlings.

4 cm -1 Fig.1. Growth of three nursery practices,(p1,0.5- P0.5,1-P1) seedlings of Alnus hirsuta Table 2. Summary of transplanting seedlings(1-p1)in the nursery, Alnus hirsuta. + + Soil Subsurface soil and Nursery soil and Item decomposed dark decomposed dark (%) Survival percent (cm) Mean height (cm) mean height Mature (mm) seedlings basal diameter ( ) number of branches 1/3 1/5 1 P1 1 (P) ( ) Decomposed bark prepared is 1/5 in volume in nursery soil and 1/3 in subsurface soil,respectively. 1-P1 express sprinter transplanting seedlings into container, transplanted was one year old

5 Table Work time comparison between direct seding method and transplanting method Direct seeding method Alnus hirsuta Weigela hortensisi Transplanting Acer momo method Sorbus commixta Amorpha fruticosa 3 Number Numbber Hour Table Height and survival percent of direct seeding seedlings P1 in the nursery. Species Alnus Alnus Alnus Weigela Acer hirsuta maximowiczii pendula hortensis momo (cm) Height Boad only ( ) Survival percent (cm) Height Drainboad ( ) Survival percent 3 cm Space of drain-boad is 3cm 4) drain boad is cm -1-1 ( ) ,

6 -5-1 Table 5-1. Height growth,sapling number,sapling weight,root weight and branch germination of the container-grown direct seedling seedlings of Alnus hirsuta in the nursery. Item 1 Mean Number of Number of height in main Date container ** in number of main sapling column express no excellent. + in weight express less than 1gram. number + in branch express less than 1 of mean branches. ** in note express root nobule formation in naked eye. Sapling weight total Root weight Branch Note per main number total per main (cm) ( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) 12 June July July ** 30 July Aug Aug Sept Table 5-2. Height growth,sapling number,sapling weight root weight and branch gemination of the container-grown direct seeding seedlings of Alnus maximowiczii in the nursery. Item 1 Mean Number of Number of height in main Date container ** in number of main sapling column express no excellent. + in weight express less than 1gram. number + in branch express less than 1 of mean branches. ** in note express root nobule formation in naked eye. Sapling weight total Root weight Branch Note per main number total per main (cm) ( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) 12 June July July ** 30 July Aug Aug Sept

7 -5-1 Table 5-1. Height growth,sapling number,sapling weight,root weight and branch germination of the container-grown direct seedling seedlings of Alnus pendula in the nursery. Item 1 Mean Number of Number of height in main Date container 1 1 ** in number of sapling in container express in geminating. in number of sapling main column express no excellent. in weight express less than 1 gram. number in branch express less than 1 of mean branch. ** in note express root nobule formation in naked eye. Sapling weight total Root weight Branch Note per main number total per main (cm) ( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) 12 June July July ** 30 July Aug Aug Sept Table 5-2. Height growth,sapling number,sapling weight root weight and branch gemination of the container-grown direct seeding seedlings of Weigela hortensis in the nursery. Item 1 Mean Number of Number of height in main Date container 1 in number of sapling in container express in geminating. in number of sapling main column express no excellent. in weight express less than 1 gram. number in branch express less than 1 of mean branch. Sapling weight total Root weight Branch Note per main number total per main (cm) ( ) ( ) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) (g) (g) ( ) 12 June July July July Aug Aug Sept

8 -1-4 P cm 2cm 20-6 Table 6 Changes of survival percent of Monthly planting test cultivated by direct seeding method Spricies Planted Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. date Apr.* Jun Alnus maximowiczii 20 Jul Aug Apr.* Jun Alnus pendula 20 Jul Aug Apr.* Jun Weigela hortensis 20 Jul Aug * 1 * express control used P1 seedlings For this test,seed preparation into container directly carried out in April 1976.Seed germination started at May.

9 ,,, -7 15, , , , 20 / , , , /, , , , -7 Table 7.Summary of the l st year monthly planting test 1 T R Species Planting bate Mean height 1976 Number of saplongs Weight of Weight of T R ratio Alnus maxinowiczii 76S 76S 76A 76A per Planting hole main shrub main shrub s root H D Number of Basal diameter H D ratio Root swelling branches width depth (cm) (cm) (cm) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (mm) ( ) (cm) (cm) 19 Apr.* Jun Jul Aug Apr.* Alnus 15 Jun pendula 20 Jul Aug Apr.* Weigera 15 Jun hortensis 20 Jul Aug * P1 * express control used P1 seedling. S Spring, Autumn ,

10 -8 Table 8. Summary of second and third year at monthly planting test Mean height Species Planting Maximum Standard Cofficient date height deviation of 77S 77A 77A/77S 78A 78A/76S in1978a variation 19 Apr.* Jun Alnus 20 Jul maximowiczii 23 Aug May** Apr.* Jun Alnus 20 Jul pendula 23 Aug May** Apr.* Jun Weigela 20 Jul hortensis 23 Aug May** * *express control planted in 1976 ** **express control planted in 1977 in standard deviation column due to insufficiency of samples. Spring, Autumn -2 Fig.2. Shaded area by crows at 3-years old monthly planting test plot. express live, dead

11 No P P P No.2 Table 9. Yearly growth and viability percent in Expt.For.No.2 plot S 74A 75S 75A 76A 78A 78A 74S Maximum Species Seedlings height (cm) (cm) (%) (cm) (cm) (%) (cm) (cm) (%) (cm) P Alnus hirsuta P P Alnus maximowiczii P Alnus pendula P Betula platphylla 1 P Weigela hortensis (1) 2 Weigela hortensis (2) P P Acer momo P Quercus dentata Amorpha fruticosa Sobus commixta (%) : express survival percent. 2 Weigela hortensis(2) was planted for aesthetics.

12 P Table 10.yearly growth and viability percent in KOBUI Species Seedling 75S 76A 76A/75S 78A 78A/76 78A/75S (cm) (cm) (%) (cm) (cm) (%) (cm) (cm) (cm) P Alnus hirsuta P aslunus maximowiczii P Acer momo P Weigela hortensis(a) 1 P Weigela hortensis(b) Sorbus commixta 1 P express spring mean height. express autumn mean height. express survival percent. Maximum height P1 6 P1 3 P

-11 Table 11. Yearly growth and viability percent in USU. 1978 Species Seedling 78S 78A Maximum height P1 79 80 121 100 1.0 Alnus maximowiczii P1 53 74 110 100 1.4 A.

1 control. 2 surface reticulately fundamental work only. 3 surface reticulately fundamental work and strip seedling work.

13 -11 Table 11. Yearly growth and viability percent in USU Species Seedling 78S 78A Maximum height P Alnus maximowiczii P A. pendula P Weigela hortensis express spring mean height. express autumn mean height. express survival percent. -3 Fig.3. Height and viability percent of 4 species in the 5 patterns of fundermental work in ROKUSHI. 1 control. 2 surface reticulately fundamental work only. 3 surface reticulately fundamental work and strip seedling work. 4 surface reticulately fundamental work and trench silled by straw. 5 trench filled by straw only. express upper slope, express lower slope. 78A / 78S

14 1/ P ,,,

15 (2): Summary In order to establish the new revegetation method on the mountainside denuded slopes the cultivation practice of container-grown seedlings were examined and held planting test of container-grown seedlings were carried out In the nursery DIRECT SEEDING into container method and transplanting methods was compared As a result of this examination it become clear that the direct seeding into container method is better than the transplanting methods adopted ever in survival percent in economy in efficiency and in difficulty From the individual examination in the nursery the following was proposed (1) It become clear that the germinated in the container filled with the sub-surface soil with 1/3 decomposed bark in volume grow as same as nursery soil with 1/5 decomposed bark in volume(table-1 2 Figure-1) (2) It become clear that the sprinkle water device must need in the nursery because the container made of peat are very acceptable of drying. (3) From the work comparison between direct seeding method and transplanting method it become clear that the direct seeding method practice faster than transplanting method and the work itself of direct seeding method is more simple than transplanting method (Table-3) (4) It become clear that the drain-boad bed in the nursery need not so much to cultivate of direct seeding seedlings (Table-4) According to the observation of in about every two weeks root nodule of 3species Alnus that were cultivated by direct seeding method was germinated about 1 monthold and at the same time the root of P0.5 seedlings break through the container The number of branches of Alnus maximowicziir were more than that of others pecies(table ) In the monthly planting test, 1,2 and 3 monthes old cultivated by direct seeding method were planted As a result of this examination it become clear that two monthes old are possible enough for summer transplanting for the revegetation work on the mountainside denuded slopes (Table-6,7,8,Figure-2) In the field planting test of 4 plots 9 species of container-grown seedlings were compared The comparative planting test between direct seeding seedling and transplanting seedling of Alnus hirsuta indicate that there is no difference between two cultivation methods in height in crown closure and in viavility percent (Tablr9) Because of its high viavility percent and vigorous growth in the 4 field planting test plot Alnus hirsuta, Alnus maximowiczii, Alnus pendula and Weigela hortensis are well adaptable for container-grown seedlings cultivated by DIRECT SEEDING method(table9,10,11, Figure-2,3).

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橡 PDF ( ) * Regeneration of many tree species by soil scarification under canopies -Relation between canopy openness and species richness- Hajime SATO ( )20 20 40 PAR30 0.5 1 (2) 1970 1993 1997 1996 1982 Hokkaido

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