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1 28 Effect of depth position of a target and cognitive load on attention to surrounding objects

2 VR VR i

3 Abstract Effect of depth position of a target and cognitive load on attention to surrounding objects Koki HIRATA Along with the rapid popularization of smartphone in recent years, an increase in accidents due to smartphone while walking or aruki sumaho (operating smartphone while walking) has become a social problem. One of the cause of this problem may be that smartphone while walking requires dual task of walking and operating smartphone. A previous study examining walking and simultaneous operation of mobile phones reported that due to the use of the portable equipment, reaction time to detect surrounding visual stimuli increased, walking speed decreased, and deviation of walking route increased. However, in this previous study, reactions to dynamically moving visual stimuli such as other walking people or cars which can be seen in everyday life were not considered. Therefore, in this study, the dynamic objects in the virtual space were presented to clarify the characteristics of the detection performance in the case of dynamic objects appearing in the surroundings with smartphone while walking. We investigated the influence of cognitive load with a smartphone. Also, in order to examine the influence of the depth position of a screen as a visual target based on the fact that the smartphone is located close to the observer during some operation. The results showed that detection performance of peripheral objects became worse when the cognitive load was high, regardless of the depth position of the visual target and the appearance position of the object. Even though the viewing angle was controlled to ii

4 be same, the detection of the peripheral object is influenced by the depth position of the visual target and in the case where a visual target was at the closer position, the performance of detection of peripheral objects was worse. key words Smartphone while walking, Virtual reality Dual task Cognitive load Depth position of target iii

5 VR(Virtual Reality) iv

6 A 34 v

7 1.1 Dameman & Carpenter (HMD) HTC VIVE Near Far Blank WM VR HMD HMD ( ) (N=20) vi

8 vii

9 cm cm cm viii

10 1 1.1 [1] 2016 GO 1 GO 1 GO [2] [3] 1

11 (2015) [4] 3m ms VR : Virtual Reality VR 2

12 HMD VR 1.3 [5] 3

13 1.4 VR(Virtual Reality) [6][7] [4][8] 1.4 VR(Virtual Reality) VR Virtual Reality) VR 3 1 3DCG [9] HTC VIVE HMD [10] 4

14 Reading Span Test : RST Dameman Capenter 1.1 [11] (1992) Dameman Capenter [12] 1.1 Dameman & Carpenter 5

15 VR Visual Studio 2015 Unity(Ver.5.4.2f2 Personal) C# 1 text Microsoft Excel 2010 R (Ver 3.2.3) 6

16 2.1 実験装置 刺激提示デバイス 視覚刺激および VR 環境の提示には 図 2.1 に示す HMD(HTC 社 VIVE) を使用した 図 ヘッドマウントディスプレイ (HMD) 刺激操作デバイス VR 環境における 目標刺激検出課題における反応の取得に用いるデバイスとして図 2.2 に示す HMD に付属のコンローラを用いた また このコントローラと VR 空間上に設置し た透明なオブジェクトの衝突判定を利用して 目標刺激の出現するタイミングを設定した 図 2.2 HTC VIVE のコントローラ トラッキング用赤外線エミッター VR 環境における HMD とコントローラの位置のトラッキングに用いるデバイスとして HMD に付属のベースステーションを用いた 位置トラッキングの仕組みとして ベースス 7

17 VR cm 1.5m 2.4 8

18 Near 2.6 HMD 50cm Far deg 2.5 Near 2.6 Far 2.7 9

19 Blank 2.8 Blank (WM) 2.9 WM (2002) (2012)

20 WM VR 2.10 VR HMD VR 11

21 HMD 12

22 ( ) ( 18 2 ) HMD 2.5 HMD 2.5m ( 2.12) Near Far HMD km [13][14] 2 ( 2.14) WM HMD 2 Blank 13

23 2.5 実験手続き の目標刺激検出課題を 2 周 RST の説明 停止状態での練習を 2 文 3 文条件ともに 2 文 ずつ WM 条件での目標刺激検出課題を 2 周を練習試行として行った 実験は 1 ブロック あたりの目標刺激出現回数を 8 回とし 対象の奥行き位置を 2 水準 (Near Far) 認知負 荷を 2 水準 (WM Blank) 周回する方向を 2 水準 (右回り 左回り) の計 8 ブロック行っ た 周回方向は右回りと左回りを交互にし その他の条件の提示順は被験者間でカウンター バランスをとった 図 2.12 HMD の装着 (初期状態) 14

24

25 Near - WM NW + Near - Blank NB + Far - WM FW + (Far - Blank FB) Near, Far (Near, Far WM, Blank) 16

26

27 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM

28 cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM Near Far Far Near (p =.0057) Blank WM (p <.001) (p =.5377) p <.001 (p =.0038 p =.0004)( 3.1) Near Far WM Blank p =

29 3.1 p <.001 ( 3.2) WM Blank Near Far Near Far p =.326 WM Blank WM Blank ( 3.3) 3.3 cm Far Near Blank WM Blank WM

30

31

32 t (p =.171) p <.001 (p =.341) p =.004 Near Far Near Far p =.010 / Near Far Near Far (p =.152) FB NB FW NW ( 3.9) ( 3.1.2) 23

33 (N=20) 24

34

35

36 4 WM Blank WM Blank WM cm Blank cm WM Blank 19.89cm WM 76.86cm Blank 83.82cm 6.96cm 2.8km/h 250ms 100ms Near Far Near Far 27

37 Near Far Near Far Near G.eta 2 =.031 G.eta 2 =

38 VR VR 29

39 5 VR VR 30

40 . 31

41 [1] johotsusintokei/whitepaper/ja/h28/html/nc html /2/12 [2] /2/22 [3] tokyo.jp/lfe/topics/201602/mobile.html /2/12 [4] - - Vol.51 No.1 : [5] Baddeley A. Working memory Science New Series 1992 Vol.255 No.5044 : [6] Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy Vol.3 No [7] McNevin, Nancy H., Gabriele Wulf. Attentional focus on supra-postural tasks affects postural control. Human movement science (2) : [8] Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy Vol.6 No [9] 32

42 2010 [10] VR AR 2016 pp [11] Daneman, Meredyth., Carpenter, Patricia A. Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 19.4 (1980): [12] [13] Lamberg, Eric M.,Muratori, Lisa M. Cell phones change the way we walk. Gait & posture 35.4 (2012): [14] Hyman, Ira E., Boss, S Matthew., Wise, Breanne M., McKenzie, Kira E., Caggiano, Jenna M. Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology 24.5 (2010):

43 A 1). 2). 2 1). 2). 3). 4). 5). 5 6). 34

44 7). 8). 9). 5 10). 11). 12). 13). 14). 3 1). 2). 3). 35

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