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1

2 Digicashecash

3 PC IC

4 AI LicenseCoin License Pk A L Pk A W Rc C Coin License Okamoto and Ohta Okamoto and Ohta IC Digicashecash

5

6

7 TTP Trusted Third Party TTP TTP

8 TTP TTP: Trusted Third Party TTPTTP TTP TTP TTP

9 A TTPCH A CH T CS T ID CN TB ID ID B Pk A UI B kui B _k x A License L, Pk A L = S <SkI> Pk A Coin = { C, R C, W, Pk A R C W C = S <PkI> R C, W S TTP Pk T, Sk T Pk A, Sk A Pk B, Sk B S V TTP TTP

10 TTP UI B TTP TTP CH T TTP CH A CH T CH A, CH T TTP CH T CH A, CH T, CS T, Coin, License, xch T, C, UI B CS T V <PkA> S CH T, C, UI B V <PkT> CS T CH A, CH T

11 TTP CH T TTP TTP CH T TTP CH T TTP TTP TTP CH A TTP TTP CH T CH A, CH T S <SkT> CH A, CH T

12 TTP TTPCS T S <SkT> CH A, CH T CH A, CH T, CS T, Coin, License, xch T, C, UI B S <SkA> CH T, C, UI B S CS T V <PkA> S CH T, C, UI B V <PkT> CS T CH A, CH T CS T TTP CS T TTPCH T TTP CN TB CS T CN TB TTP TTP CN ΤΒ TTP CN TB CN TB CH T CN TB

13 TTP CH A IDID B TTP TTPID B CN TB CH T CH A CH T CS T S <SkT> CH A, CH T CN TB CH A, CH T, CN TB, CS T, Coin, License, x CH T, C S = S <SkA> CH T, C, UI B S CS T V <PkA> SCH T, C, UI B V <PkT> CS T CH A, CH T CN TB B CN TB CH T CN TB CN TB

14 TTP { UI B _n} TTP TTP CH A ID B TTP D B { UI B _n } UI B _k

15 TTP CH T CH A, CH T, UI B _kcs T = S <SkT> CH A, CH T, UI B _k UI B _k, k CH UI B _k CH A, CH T, UI B _k, k, CS T, Coin, License, CH T, C, UI B _k S <SkA> CH T, C, UI B S CS T V <PkA> S CH T, C V <PkT> CS T CH A, CH T, UI B _k UI B _k, k

16

17 TTP TTP CPU IC IC

18 IC CHSk B ech E <SkB> CHCH CHhCH = h CH IC ech IC ech hchch IC CH IC CH CH N ID IDID

19

20 TTP IC

21 BIS, Security of Electronic Money, Report by the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems and the Group of Computer Experts of the central banks of the Group of Ten countries, Aug Brands, S., Untraceable Off-line Cash in Wallet with Observers, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of CRYPTO 93, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 773, Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp Chaum, D., Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 10, 1985, pp , A. Fiat and M. Naor, Untraceable Electronic Cash Extended Abstract, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of CRYPTO 88, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 403, Springer-Verlag, 1990, pp Eng, T. and Okamoto, T., Single-Term Divisible Electronic Coins, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 94, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 950, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp Even, S., Goldreich, O., Yacobi, Y. Electronic Wallet, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of CRYPTO 83, A later version appeared in Proceedings of 1984 International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, IEEE cat No. 84CH1998-4, pp

22 Matsumoto, T., An Electronic Retail Payment System with Distributed Control - A Conceptual Design -, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, Vol.E78-A, No. 1, Nakayama, Y., Moribatake, H., Abe, M. and Fujisaki, E., An Electronic Money Scheme A Proposal for a New Electronic Money Scheme which is both Secure and Convenient, IMES Discussion paper series, 97-E-4, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank Of Japan, Okamoto, T. and Ohta, K., Divertible Zero-Knowledge Interactive Proofs and Commutative Random Self- Reducibility, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of EUROCRYPT 89, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 434, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp , and, Disposable Zero-Knowledge Authentications and Their Applications to Untraceable Electronic Cash, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of CRYPTO 89, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 435, Springer-Verlag, 1990, pp , and, Universal Electronic Cash, Advances in Crytology - Proceedings of CRYPTO 91, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 576, Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp

., ( [22]) ( ),.,,., 90 ( [38]),. ( [12]).,,..,.,,. 2,. 3,. 4,.,,. [20], [31],,. ([21], [34], [36], [49] ),,.,.,. 2

., ( [22]) ( ),.,,., 90 ( [38]),. ( [12]).,,..,.,,. 2,. 3,. 4,.,,. [20], [31],,. ([21], [34], [36], [49] ),,.,.,. 2 A.Takemura@e.u-toyo.ac.jp 2000 2 Abstract.,.,,. (2000 2 ), 1. 1.,..,,.,,., 4. 1,, http://www.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~takemura/em-survey.html. 1 ., ( [22]) ( ),.,,., 90 ( [38]),. ( [12]).,,..,.,,. 2,. 3,. 4,.,,.

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