第 2 図 X 2. X 線応力計測法について q ( a ) X 線回折モデル q X X X X Bragg 第 3 図 Bragg X X q X ( E ) ( v ) X 2 5 mm X (1) (2) (3) (4) 計測可能領域表面表面下, 断面 ( b ) 無負荷 (5) (6)
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1 Measurement Technology for Resiual Stresses Locke in Structural Members IHI IHI IHI IHI IHI ( SCC ) IHI ( IIC ) If large compressive resiual stresses are prouce on the surface of a structure by shot-peening, surface heat treatment, an so on, the material will have high structural strength, an it is this characteristic that enables ownsizing an lightening of the structure. On the other han, if tensile resiual stresses are prouce in a wele structure uring the weling process, Stress Corrosion Cracking ( SCC ) or fatigue failure may occur. Accurate evaluation of resiual stresses is therefore very important. This paper iscusses the resiual stress measurement technologies that are being use in IIC. 1. 緒言 ( SCC ) 第 1 図 ( SCC ) ( FEM ) 2 mm 第 1 図 ( SCC ) Fig. 1 Stress corrosion crack ( SCC ) cause by resiual stresses uring the weling process IHI ( IIC ) X DHD 54 IHI Vol.53 No.3 ( 213 )
2 第 2 図 X 2. X 線応力計測法について q ( a ) X 線回折モデル q X X X X Bragg 第 3 図 Bragg X X q X ( E ) ( v ) X 2 5 mm X (1) (2) (3) (4) 計測可能領域表面表面下, 断面 ( b ) 無負荷 (5) (6) IIC 第 4 図 X ( X3 ) X X 第 5 図 PC ( Prestresse Concrete ) ( c ) 応力負荷 s xx s xx ( 注 ) l = 2sinq l : 特性 X 線の波長 : 格子間隔 q :Bragg の回折角 e xx = ( )/ s xx = E e xx n : ポアソン比 第 3 図 Bragg X X Fig. 3 Measurement principle of X-ray iffraction metho using Bragg s law 数値解析法 完全破壊 数値解析法 切断法 スリット切込み法 DHD( Deep Hole Drilling 法 ) 準非破壊 リング研削法 穿孔法 非破壊 磁気検出法 超音波法 X 線放射光 X 線中性子回折法 計測深さ ( mm ) ( 注 ) :IIC の取扱い技術 第 2 図 Fig. 2 Various resiual stress measurement methos 第 4 図 X ( X3 ) Fig. 4 Portable X-ray stress measurement apparatus ( X3 ) IHI Vol.53 No.3 ( 213 ) 55
3 PC 鋼棒供試体 1 8 : 繰返応力 - ひずみ線図 : 公称応力 s n :X 線応力計測値 s x X 線応力計測装置 応力 s n,s x 6 4 第 5 図 PC X Fig. 5 Status of PC steel bar testing on a tensile machine an stress measurement by the X3 X 第 6 図 PC X X X SM49 X 第 7 図 s r X s x 第 8 図 X X X 線応力計測値 s x : 供試体 1 表部 : 供試体 1 裏部 : 供試体 2 表部 : 供試体 2 裏部 公称応力 s n s x = s n 4 第 6 図 PC X Fig. 6 Relation between nominal stress an stress measure by the X3 in the tensile test of a PC steel bar 公称ひずみ e 第 7 図 e s n X s x Fig. 7 Relation between strain ( e ), nominal stress ( s n ) an stress measure by the X3 ( s x ) X 線応力計測値 s x : 引張強度 s B 以上の真応力値は参考値 s x = s r 真応力 s r 第 8 図 s r X s x Fig. 8 Relation between true stress ( s r ) an stress measure by the X3 ( s x ) X 3. 穿孔法について IIC VEQTER Bristol DHD Deep Hole Drilling 56 IHI Vol.53 No.3 ( 213 )
4 計測は技術的に確立しており信頼性が高いと再認識し 計 測 法 は ASTM ( American Society for Testing an DHD よりも簡便で すでに欧米では広く用いられている Materials ) 規格 E837-8 で詳細に規定されている 装置 穿孔法による残留応力計測技術を導入した の外観を第 1 図に示す 供試体にロゼットひずみゲージ 穿孔法は 第 9 図に示すようなロゼットひずみゲージ 貼付け後 穿孔装置の顕微鏡を用いてドリル中心をひずみ を計測部位に貼付後 ひずみゲージの中心部をエアタービ ゲージ中心に位置決めすれば 後はパソコンによる全自動 ンによって駆動されるドリルで段階的に穿孔する その際 制御でドリル研削送り 研削後の解放ひずみ計測ができる に解放されるひずみを逐次計測し 二次元平面応力理論に 装置である 計測されたひずみ 穿孔径の実測値 材料の 基づいて穴の位置にもともと存在していた残留応力を解析 機械的性質 ( E v ) などのデータを基に専用の解析ソフト する方法である を用いて解放された残留応力を解析する 穿孔法と X 線法を比較するため SM49 鋼薄板を対 (a) 象として 1 軸引張試験を実施した 1 軸引張試験の状況 穿孔中の様子 イメージ図 を第 11 図に示す この試験では 既知の負荷応力 3 ロゼットひずみゲージ ケース を与えて 両方法で計測した結果を比較した ドリル 1 軸引張試験結果の比較を第 12 図に示す 両者とも に良い相関関係が得られた 穿孔法の特長は 穿孔する ロゼット ひずみゲージ (b) 供試体 データロガ 穿孔後のロゼットひずみゲージ 実物 X 線コリメータ 第 9 図 ロゼットひずみゲージ Fig. 9 Rosette strain gage (a) 穿孔装置外観 第 11 図 1 軸引張試験の様子 Fig. 11 Status of the uniaxial tensile test (b) 制御 データ解析 PC 穿孔システム全体 電子制御装置 穿孔装置 ディジタルひずみ計 供試体 ドリル ( f 1.6 mm ) ロゼットひずみゲージ Fig. 1 第 1 図 穿孔装置 Appearance of the hole rilling system IHI 技報 Vol.53 No.3 ( 213 ) 57
5 s c 25 2 無負荷時計測 X B ( a ) 計測位置 3 軸ロゼットひずみゲージ A ( ゲージ直径 :5.14, 外径 :9.5 ) e 1 e 2 f1.8, 深さ 2 穿孔 e 3 6 s c 25 5 X 1 ( 裏側 ) 負荷応力計測用 3 軸ゲージ ( 両面 ) ( 注 ) 位置 :mm X : 無負荷時の X 線による計測位置 ( b ) 穿孔法と X 線法の比較 ケース No. 試験荷重 穿孔法 ( 位置 A ) X 線法 ( 位置 X 1 ) 残留応力残留応力 s x = 98 ( ±12.7 ) s x = 13 ( ±13.4 ) s x = 225 ( ±11.6 ) 第 12 図 1 Fig. 12 Test results of the uniaxial test 2 mm.5 mm 1 mm X 2 5 mm 4. 結言 IIC 58 IHI Vol.53 No.3 ( 213 )
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