expander graph [IZ89] Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

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1 Lecture 11: PSRGs via Random Walks on Graphs October 22, 2013 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

2 expander graph [IZ89] Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

3 Expander Graphs Expander Graph ( ) : conductance expander family : (d, ϕ), s.t. d, conductance ϕ, ( d- expander ) expander expander λ i d < ϵd i 2 for constant ϵ µ i < ϵd i 2 for constant ϵ Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

4 [ ] [ ] 1 2 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

5 (1 r ) (r t, t: ) ( r + 9t ) t t Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

6 (1 r ) (r t, t: ) ( r + 9t ) t t Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

7 (1 r ) (r t, t: ) ( r + 9t ) t t Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

8 Random Walk Generator r : = {0, 1} r X {0, 1} r : Y {0, 1} r : V = {0, 1} r expander graph = expander graph : d- A : d = µ 1 > µ 2 µ n : µ i d 1/10 for all i 2?. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

9 Random Walk Generator d = 400 r log r v i v i {0, 1} r d = r i i I promise you that... Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

10 Random Walk Generator d = 400 r log r v i v i {0, 1} r d = r i i I promise you that... Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

11 Formalizing[ ] t + 1 v {0, 1} r v t X X 2 r /100 ( 99 ) t + 1 t + 1 X v 0 v 1,..., v t S = {i v i X} t + 1 (1 ) ( ) t+1 P r[ S > t/2] 2 5 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

12 Formalizing[ ] t + 1 v {0, 1} r v t X X 2 r /100 ( 99 ) t + 1 t + 1 X v 0 v 1,..., v t S = {i v i X} t + 1 (1 ) ( ) t+1 P r[ S > t/2] 2 5 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

13 Formalizing[ ] t + 1 v {0, 1} r v t X X 2 r /100 ( 99 ) t + 1 t + 1 X v 0 v 1,..., v t S = {i v i X} t + 1 (1 ) ( ) t+1 P r[ S > t/2] 2 5 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

14 Formalizing[ ] t + 1 v {0, 1} r v t X X 2 r /100 ( 99 ) t + 1 t + 1 X v 0 v 1,..., v t S = {i v i X} t + 1 (1 ) ( ) t+1 P r[ S > t/2] 2 5 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

15 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

16 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

17 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

18 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

19 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

20 p 0 = 1 n 1 = ( 1 n,..., 1 n )T χ X, χ Y X, Y (X,Y 1) D X = diag(χ X ), D Y = diag(χ Y ) W = 1 da G random walk ( lazy ) ω 1,..., ω n W ω i 1/10 ( i 2) p X χ T Xp = 1 T D X p D X p p X 0 R {0,..., t} i R X 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 Z i i R X Y (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

21 (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R (1) P r[ S > t/2] P r[ S > t/2] ( 2 R >t/2 2 t+1 ( ) t+1 P r[v i X i R] ) t+1 2 ( 2 5 ) t+1 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

22 (2) 1 T D Zt W D Zt 1 W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R (1) P r[ S > t/2] P r[ S > t/2] ( 2 R >t/2 2 t+1 ( ) t+1 P r[v i X i R] ) t+1 2 ( 2 5 ) t+1 Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

23 (2-norm) : M = max v Mv v M M = max α: α ( v ) M 1 M 2 M 1 M 2 D X, D Y, W Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

24 (2) Lemma 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R D X W 1 5 p 0 = W p 0 ( ) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 = 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 { 1/5 for i R D Zi W 1 for i / R. (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

25 (2) Lemma 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R D X W 1 5 p 0 = W p 0 ( ) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 = 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 { 1/5 for i R D Zi W 1 for i / R. (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

26 (2) Lemma 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R D X W 1 5 p 0 = W p 0 ( ) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 = 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 { 1/5 for i R D Zi W 1 for i / R. (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

27 (2) Lemma 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R D X W 1 5 p 0 = W p 0 ( ) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 = 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 { 1/5 for i R D Zi W 1 for i / R. (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

28 (2) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R p 0 = 1/ n, 1 = n 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) p 0 = (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

29 (2) 1 T D Zt W D Z1 W D Z0 p 0 (1/5) R (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) 1 5 R p 0 = 1/ n, 1 = n 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W )p 0 1 T (D Zt W ) (D Z0 W ) p 0 = (1/5) R Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

30 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x x = c y x = (c 1 n) 2 + y 2 max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x = c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y (1 T y = 0) Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

31 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x x = c y x = (c 1 n) 2 + y 2 max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x = c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y (1 T y = 0) Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

32 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x x = c y x = (c 1 n) 2 + y 2 max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x = c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y (1 T y = 0) Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

33 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x x = c y x = (c 1 n) 2 + y 2 max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x = c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y (1 T y = 0) Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

34 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y. Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

35 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y. W 1 = 1 D X W 1 = χ X c 1 D X W 1 = c 1 χ X = c 1 X c1 n 10 x 10 ( X n/100) Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

36 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y. W, ϕ 1 = 1 {ϕ 2,..., ϕ n } ( ω i ) y = i 2 c iϕ i (c i = ϕ T i y) W y = i 2 c iω i ϕ i = i 2 (c iω i ) i 2 (c i) 2 = y 10 D X W y D X W y (1/10) y (1/10) x Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

37 Lemma ( ) x, D X W x (1/5) x [ ] x max(c 1 n, y ) D X W x c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y. c 1 D X W 1 + D X W y (1/10) x + (1/10) x (1/5) x Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

38 1 (r, t ) 2 (rt ) 3 4 expander graph 5 r + 9t, (2/ 5) t = (0.89) t Nii (NII) Lec. 11 October 22, / 16

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m(ẍ + γẋ + ω 0 x) = ee (2.118) e iωt P(ω) = χ(ω)e = ex = e2 E(ω) m ω0 2 ω2 iωγ (2.119) Z N ϵ(ω) ϵ 0 = 1 + Ne2 m j f j ω 2 j ω2 iωγ j (2.120) 2.6 2.6.1 mẍ + γẋ + ω 0 x) = ee 2.118) e iωt Pω) = χω)e = ex = e2 Eω) m ω0 2 ω2 iωγ 2.119) Z N ϵω) ϵ 0 = 1 + Ne2 m j f j ω 2 j ω2 iωγ j 2.120) Z ω ω j γ j f j f j f j sum j f j = Z 2.120 ω ω j, γ ϵω) ϵ

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