Bowlby Bowlby 2 ( ) Bowlby Bowlby(1969/2000, 1973/2000) ( ) (1992) Bowlby(1977) (p.203) (proximity) (Bowlby, 1969/2000) (attachment security) (Ainswor

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Bowlby Bowlby 2 ( ) Bowlby Bowlby(1969/2000, 1973/2000) ( ) (1992) Bowlby(1977) (p.203) (proximity) (Bowlby, 1969/2000) (attachment security) (Ainswor"

ゆあかに
5 years ago
Views:

1 Title Author(s) 成人の愛着スタイル研究の概観と今後の展望 : 現在成人の愛着スタイル研究が内包する問題とは金政, 祐司 Citation 対人社会心理学研究. 3 P.73-P.84 Issue Date 2003 Text Version publisher URL DOI /5064 rights

2 Bowlby Bowlby 2 ( ) Bowlby Bowlby(1969/2000, 1973/2000) ( ) (1992) Bowlby(1977) (p.203) (proximity) (Bowlby, 1969/2000) (attachment security) (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; 4 Bretherton, 1985; Sroufe & Waters, 1977) : 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ; 1) ) Bowlby Freud Bowlby(1973/2000) Bowlby

3 ( ) Bowlby(1977) (p.203) Bowlby (internal working model) Ainsworth et al.(1978) Bowlby Ainsworth et al.(1978) (Strange Situation Procedure; SSP) 3 3 (secure; B type) (avoidant; A type) (ambivalent; C type) ( Main & Solomon(1989) D type (disorganized) ) (Shaver, Collins, & Clark, 1996) Bowlby Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy(1985) (p. 67)

4 Merrick, Trebloux, Crowell, & Albershein, 2000; Hamilton, 2000) 2 2) (Adult Attachment AAI Interview; AAI) (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985) AAI ( ) (Kobak & Sceery, 1988) AAI 5 (Crowell, Treboux, Gao, Fyffe, Pan, & Waters, 2002) (secure or autonomous) (dismissing or detached) (preoccupied or enmeshed) (Simpson, 3 ( Rholes, Orinea, & Grich, 2002) ) Main AAI AAI SSP (Bowlby, 1980/1982) (Crowell & Feldman, 1991; Fonagy, Steele, & Steele, 1991) (Main et al., 1985) (2000) AAI Q ( ) () (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer, Florian, & Tolmacz, 1990; Simpson, 1990;, 1988) SSP ( ) AAI ( ) ( AAI 72%~77%) (Waters,

5 3) ( 1 2 ) 4) ( ) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) Mikulincer et al.(1990) Mikulincer & Nachshon(1991) Hazan & Shaver(1987) Feeney & Noller(1990) 5) Shaver & Hazan(1988) Bowlby 6) (Bowlby, Shaver & Hazan(1988) 1969/2000, 1977) Weiss(1991) Shaver & Hazan(1988) 4 (1. ) (2. ) (3. ) (4. ; ) 7) (Shaver Hazan, Hazan & Shaver(1987) 1988) Ainsworth et al.(1978) Hazan & Shaver(1987) ( ) Adult Attachment Scale( ) (Simpson, 1990)

6 Bartholomew & Horowitz(1991) ( ; Relationship Questionnaire) Collins & Read(1990) Bartholomew(1990) (1988) (1988) Bartholomew & Horowitz(1991) Hazan & Shaver 2 Scharfe & Bartholomew(1994) 9) Griffin & Bartholomew(1994) Hazan & Shaver(1987) 2 Bartholomew(1990) Bowlby(1973/2000) ( 2 ) Feeney, Noller, & Roberts (2000) (anxiety over relationship) (comfort with closeness) 2 Bartholomew & Horowitz(1991) (romantic attachment) (Brennan, Clark, & (Secure) Shaver, 1998; Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) (, 2002) (Preoccupied) 2 (Dismissing) (Fearful) 8)

7 Hazan & Shaver(1987) (Feeney & Noller, 1990;, Feeney & Noller(1990) 2002a) (, 2002a; Simpson, 1990) Feeney(1995) (Mikulincer & Nachshon, 1991; Pietromonaco & Barrett, 1997; Tidwell, Reis, & Shaver, 1996) (Feeney, 1999) Feeney(1999) Ainsworth et al.(1978) ( ) ( ) (Collins & Read, 1990; Simpson, 1990) Simpson(1990) Collins & Read(1990) ( ) (Davis & Oathout, 1987) Tidwell et al.(1996)

8 (Feeney, 1994; Feeney, 1999) Feeney(1994) ( ) ( ) (Neidenthal, Brauer, Robin, & Innes-Ker, 2002) Simpson, Rholes, & Nelligan(1992) 2 (Simpson et al., 2002) (Fraley & Shaver, 1998) (Shaver et al., 1996) (Feeney et al., 2000) Hazan & Shaver(1987) Simpson(1990) (Self-fulfilling; Darley & Fazio, 1980) (Swann, 1987) 10) Tidwell et al.(1996) Cook(2000) Feeney et al.(2000) (2002b)

9 4 3 (Kirkpatrick & Hazan, 1994) (Mikulincer, Florian, & Weller, 1993; Conger, Cui, Bryant, & Simpson et al., 1992) Elder(2000) 14 (Tidwell et al., 1996) 8 ( (Collins ) & Read, 1994; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) ( ) Conger (Hazan & Shaver, 1994; Trinke & Bartholomew, 1997) (Horppu & Ikonen-Varila, 2001; Pietromonaco & Barrett, 1997; Westmaas & Silver, 2001) Piaget (1952) AAI (assimilation) (accommodation) (Adult Attachment Questionnaire, AAQ) (Shaver, Belsky, & Brennan, 2000; Simpson et al., 2002) Shaver & Hazan(1988) Bartholomew & Horowitz(1991) Mikulincer Feeney et al.(2000) & Selinger(2001) (affiliation) (Simpson et al., 2002) 11) Cook(2000)

10 SRM(Social relationship model) Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. S., & Waters, E., & Wall, S Patterns of attachmen t: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bartholomew, K Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,, Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M (, 2002; Zeifman & Hazan, 2000) Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Bowlby, J. 1969/2000 Attachment and loss, Vo l. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. 1973/2000 Attachment and loss, Vo l. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J The making and breaking of (Zeifman & Hazan, 2000) affectional bonds. British Journal of Psychology,, Bowlby, J. 1980/1982 Attachment and loss, Vo l. 3: Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R Self-report measurement of attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (pp.46-76). New York: Guilford Press. Bretherton, I Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monograph s of the Society for Research in Child Development,, Collins, N. L. & Read, S. J Adult attachment working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Collins, N. L. & Read, S. J Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and Bowlby function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 5, pp.53-90). London: Jessica Kingsley. Conger, R. D., Cui, M., Bryant, C. M., & Elder. Jr., G. H Competence in Early Adult Romantic Relationships: A Developmental Perspective on Family Influences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Cook, W. L Understanding Attachment Security in Family Context. Journal of Personality Simpson et al.(2002) and Social Psychology,, Crowell, J. A. & Feldman, S. S Mothers working models of attachment relationships and mother and child behavior during separation and reunion. Developmental Psychology,, Crowell, J. A., Treboux, D., Gao, Y., Fyffe. C., & Pan, H., & Waters, E Assessing secure base behavior in adulthood: development of a measure, links to adult attachment representations, and relations to couples communication and reports of relationships. Developmental Psychology,, Darley, J. M. & Fazio, R. H Expectancy

11 confirmation processes arising in the social styles general interpersonal orientations? interaction sequence. Americ an Psychologist,, Applicant s perceptions and emotions in interaction with evaluators in a college entrance Davis, M. H. & Oathout, H. A Maintenance of examination. Journal of Social and Personal satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy Relationships,, and relational competence.. Journal of Personality 2002a and Social Psychology,, : (1) 66, 187.,, b Feeney, J. A Attachment style, communication patterns, and satisfaction across the life cycle of (2) 43 marriage, Personal Relationships,, , Feeney, J. A Adult attachment and emotional control. Personal Relationships,, Feeney, J. A Adult attachment, emotional,, control, and marital satisfaction. Personal Kirkpatrick, L. E. & Hazan, C Attachment Relationships,, styles and close relationships: A four-year Feeney, J. A. & Noller, P Attachment styles as prospective study, Personal Relationships,, a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Roberts, N Attachment and Close Relationships. In C. Hendrick & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close Relationships (pp ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Fonagy, P., Steele, H., & Steele, M Maternal representation of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development,, Fraley, R. C. & Shaver, P. R Airport separations: A naturalistic study of adult attachment dynamics in separating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennen, K. A An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Griffin, D. & Bartholomew, K Models of the self and other: Fundamental Dimensions underlying measures of adult. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Hamilton, C. E Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development,, Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. R Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. R Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Journal of Psychological Inquiry,, Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S. S A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Soc ial Psychology,, Hendrich, C. & Hendrick, S. S Research on love: Does it measure up? Jour nal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Horppu, R. & Ikonen-Varila 2001 Are attachment Kobak, R. R. & Sceery, A Attachment in late adolescence: working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development,, Main, M. & Solomon, J Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cichetti, & M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of th e Society for Research in Child Development,, Mikulincer, M. & Nachshon, O Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Mikulincer, M. & Selinger, M The interplay between attachment and affiliation systems in adolescent s same-sex friendships: The role of attachment style. Journal of Social Personal Relationships,, Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Tolmacz, R Attachment styles and fear of personal death: a case study of attachment regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller A Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Jour nal of Pers onality and Social Psychology,, Brennan et al. (1998) 44, 300. Neidenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Robin, L., & Innes-Ker, A. H Adult Attachment and the Perception of Facial Expression of Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Piaget, J The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.

12 Pietromonaco, P. R. & Barrett, L. F Working models of attachment and daily social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Scharfe, E. & Bartholomew, K Reliability and Weifield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in high-risk sample: Continuity, discontinuity and their correlates. Child Development,, Weiss, R. S The attachment bond in childhood stability of adult attachment patterns. Personal and adulthood In C.M. Parkes, J. Relationships,, Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment Shaver, P. R. & Hazan, C A biased overview of across the life cycle (pp ). London: the study of love. Jour nal of Social and Perso nal Tavistock/Routledge. Relationships,, Shaver, P. R., Belsky, J., & Brennan, K. A The adult attachment interview and self-reports of romantic attachment: associations across domains and methods. Personal Relationships,, Shaver, P. R., Collins, N., & Clark, C.L Westmaas, J. L. & Silver, R. C The Role of Attachment in Responses to Victims of Life Crises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Zeifman, D. & Hazan, C A process model of adult attachment formation In W. Ickes & S. Duck Attachment styles and internal working models of (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Personal self and relationships partners. In G. J. O. Relationships (pp ). Chichester: John Wiley Fletcher & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge & Sons, Inc. structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (pp.25-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Simpson, J. A Influence of Attachment Styles 1) on Romantic Relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety-provoking situation: The 2) role of attachment styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, (Weinfield, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2000) Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., Orina, M. M., & Grich, J Working models of attachment, support giving, and support seeking in a stressful situation. Personalit y and Social Psychology 3) Shaver, Belsky, & Brennan(2000) AAI Bulletin,, Sroufe, L. A. & Waters, E Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development,, Swann, W. B Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet. Journal of Personality and Social 4) Psychology,, ,, Tidwell, M. O., Reis H. T., & Shaver, P. R Attachment, attractiveness, and social interaction: A Diary Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,, Trinke, S. J. & Bartholomew, K Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,, ) Hazan & Shaver(1987) (Adult Attachment Scale) Ainsworth et al (1978) (working models) 52, ),, Waters, E., Merrick, S., Trebloux, D., Crowell, J., Shaver Shaver Albershein, L Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year 2 longitudinal study. Child Development,, Shaver & Hazan(1988) ( ) (

13 ) Preoccupied Fearful 7) Hendrick & Hendrick(1989) ( ) Secure Preoccupied Dismissing Fearful 10) Hendrick & Hendrick(1986) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) 8) (Avoidant) Dismissing Fearful 11) 9) ( ) Secure Dismissing Review of recent studies on adult attachment and the prospects for the future studies Yuji KANEMASA Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Recently there has been numerous studies concerning about adult attachment, especially in Western countries. Studies on adult attachment offer the developmental and time-series perspective to understand interpersonal relationship because they are based on Bowlby s attachment theory. Having these benefits, adult attachment studies have been conducted from various points of view, and the amount of knowledge has been accumulated. However, problems involved in adult attachment studies increase while their research areas are extending. This paper firstly makes brief reference to Bowlby s attachment theory which is the root of adult attachment studies, and then, notes two methods of adult attachment measure mainly used in recent researches (the Adult Attachment Interview AAI and the Adult Attachment Questionnaire AAQ). After that, this paper reviews several empirical studies concerning adult attachment, focusing mostly on studies with self-report adult attachment questionnaires. At last, this paper points out several problems involved in adult attachment studies and discusses the issues to be solved and the prospects for the future researches on this filed. Keywords: adult attachment style, internal working model, attachment dimension, attachment figure, relationship

パーソナリティ研究　2005 第14巻　第1号　1–16

パーソナリティ研究　2005 第14巻　第1号　1–16 2005 14 1 1 16 2005 1) 1 460 2 2 393 (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Hazan, 1988) Bowlby (1969/2000, 1973/2000) Bowlby (attachment security) 1) 45 Bowlby (1973/2000) Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978)