社会学部紀要 117号☆/1.野瀬

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1 October 2013 A 13 2 c A 13 2 b c OECD OECD OECD OECD GDP OECD c 2013 OECD 2010

2 117 1 OECD m m n m n m m m m m m m m m m m OECD 70.0 Education at a Glance 2012 : OECD Indicators 1 2 m 2 OECD GDP 2009 No. GDP No. GDP No. GDP No. GDP OECD 1.1

3 October ,500,000 2,400,000 2,300,000 2,200,000 2,100,000 2,000,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,500, % ,378,000 2,049,000 1,846,000 2,255,000 1,982,000 1,961,000 1,787,000 2,302,000 1,747,000 1,667,000 1,683,000 1,704,000 H22 H23 H H22 H23 H OECD a 2010 b b a OECD OECD

4 ,421,264 31,977,938 8,209,331 26, ,004 43,922, ,629,655 13,484,399 44,925,326 19,560 2,620,628 96,679, , , ,167 2,600 30,900 1,057, ,259,447 45,796,130 53,616,824 49,120 2,938, ,660, , , , , , OECD!! , , ,

5 October b c !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! b c b c

6 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 2 bc !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 2 bc HP c 1970!! 12,000 82,000 40, , , ibid

7 October OECD m 1.4 m OECD m A B A B 36, , , , , , , , , , A B B / A

8 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! c a b c 2009

9 October bc !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! c c http : // A B

10 !!!!!!!!!! 13 2 c c 1 2 c 13 2!!!! 1 2 c 1 2 c 2 c c c 2 c

11 October c!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 19 c 13 2 c 13 2 c!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! a b cab E/C. 12/1999/10. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6. ibid. 17.

12 !!!!!!!!!! General legal obligations 13 General legal obligations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 a. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 b. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 c. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.6 d. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.14., they also have an obligation to take concrete steps towards achieving free secondary and higher education. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.43. ibid.24.

13 October !!!!!! 2 Specific legal obligations !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32 to take steps national educational strategy 1 2 1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! all appropriate means 35 E/C. 12/1999/10, para.44. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.45. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.49. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.50. E/C. 12/1999/10, para.52. E/1991/23. E/C. 12/1990/8. E/1991/23, Annex, para.1. E/1991/23, Annex, para.2. E/1991/23, Annex, para.3. E/1991/23, Annex, para.7.

14 !!!!!!!!!!! c OECD ,000 36,000 1, OECD OECD 13 2 c c Economic and Social Council, 2001, Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights : Japan. Concluding Observations/Comments, 24 September 2001, UN Doc. E / C. 12 / 1 / Add.67. Economic and Social Council, 1998, Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant in accordance with the programmes established by Economic and Social Council E/1991/23, Annex, para.9. E/1991/23, Annex, para.11.

15 October 2013 resolution 1988/4 Addendum Japan, 15 October 1998, UN Doc. E/1990/6/Add.21. Economic and Social Council, 1990, Annex III General Comment No The nature of States parties obligations Art. 2, para. 1 of the Covenant. UN Doc. E/1991/23. Economic and Social Council, 1999, The right to education Art.13 General Comments, 8 December 1999, UN Doc. E/C. 12/1999/10. Status of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Reservations, Withdrawals, Declarations and Objections under the Covenant, 18 July 1993, UN Doc. E/C. 12/1993/3/Rev No

16 117 Implications of the Withdrawal of the Reservation to the Art.13 (2) (c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ABSTRACT When Japan ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1979, it reserved the right not to be bound by in particular by the progressive introduction of free education in applying the provision of subparagraph (c) of paragraph 2 of article 13 of ICESCR. Although Japan withdrew the reservation 33 years later, on September 11, 2012, the percentage of household expenditure in the total of public and private expenditure for tertiary education has significantly increased. This situation is a result of government policy, The beneficiary payment principle. The Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education, which was approved by the Japanese cabinet on June 14, 2013, did not include increasing public expenditure to the average of OECD countries, despite a recommendation in the draft of the Basic Plan by the Central Education Council. In this article, through researching General Comments of Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) and ICESCR, I argue that the Japanese government is obligated to take steps to fully implement article 13 (2) (c). Key Words: CESCR s General Comment, progressive introduction, withdrawal of reservation.

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