crenata m m m N R Surface samples Airborne pollen sampler crenata tree sparse C. crenata trees :5, Fig

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1 8 p Jpn. J. Histor. Bot. Masanobu Yoshikawa : Dispersal of crenata pollen and distribution of C. crenata forest around the Sannai-maruyama site during the Jomon 5 m 6% 5 m 3% m 5 m m Abstract Dispersal efficiency of pollen was revealed by surface and airborne pollen spectra in and around a C. crenata forest, and reconstructed distribution of the C. crenata forest in the Jomon was discussed. In the surface pollen assemblages, C. crenata accounted for more than 6% of tree pollen in inner areas more than 5 m from the edge of the C. crenata forest, >3% in outer areas of the forest, but, outside the forest, 5% at m from the edge of the tree crown, <% at m, and.5 5% in forests with sparse C. crenata trees. In the C. crenata forest, a small quantity of C. crenata pollen was dispersed by wind, but most accumulated on the forest floor by gravity and rain. The surface and airborne pollen spectra showed that C. crenata pollen is extremely difficult to disperse. Based on the dispersal characteristics of pollen, the distribution of C. crenata forests around the Sannai-maruyama site was reconstructed by spatial investigation of fossil pollen spectra. The distribution of pollen revealed that C. crenata forests covered most of the slopes and edges of the plateau of the Sannai-maruyama site in the late phase of the early to the middle Jomon s. Key words: airborne pollen spectra, crenata forest, dispersal of crenata pollen, Sannaimaruyama site, surface pollen spectra Andersen, Janssen, km Cryptomeria 8.4% Igarashi, 987 Larix Ancient Forest Research, Tohgatta-onsen Nanokahara 93-6, Zao-machi, Katta-gun, Miyagi , Japan Japanese Association of Historical Botany

66 8 9845 6 crenata 6 4. 5 m m m 989 989 7 38 3 N R Surface samples Airborne pollen sampler crenata tree sparse C. crenata trees 8 9 4 6 7 3 5 :5, Fig.

2 crenata m m m N R Surface samples Airborne pollen sampler crenata tree sparse C. crenata trees :5, Fig. crenata forest and sampling points at Kaneme in Oguni, Yamagata. Based on the :5, topographic map Gomizawa publised by the Geographical Survey Institute crenata forest E km 5 m 4 ha m 4 4 m 7.5 km go.jp/ m/ 8 m/ m/ m Pteridium aquilinum Rhododendron japonicum

3 67 Aralia elata Ardisia japonica Rubus crataegifolius Lilium auratum Erythronium japonicum Reynoutria japonica Rhus trichocarpa Rhus ambigua Quercus serrata Quercus crispula Acanthopanax sciadophylloides Cryptomeria japonica Juglans mandshurica Quercus acutissima Zelkova serrata Magnolia obovata Cercidiphyllum japonicum Deutzia crenata Prunus jamasakura Sorbus japonica Phellodendron amurense Rhus javanica var. roxburghii Acer amoenum var. matsumurae Acer japonicum Acer momo var. marumoratum Aesculus turbinata Styrax obassia Fraxinus lanuginosa f. serrata Miscanthus sinensis Sasa Impatiens textoria Patrinia villosa M3, L, N R E L4 R R R7 R8 R 3 R4 R3 R6 M3 L AP L L4 m L6 Fig. Map showing the distribution of crenata trees and sampling points at Kaneme in Oguni, Yamagata. E 5 E cm 7 m Elliottia paniculata Hamamelis japonica A (H)98 A (L) A (F) A (L) A (F)A (H)A A (F) cm A (H) cm A mm F H H H A F F L steep slope crenata tree Surface sample Surface sample (E-E) Airborne pollen sampler L8 L N N3 L AP3 L4 N6 AP4 L6 N8 L8 N L EE. road crenata forest AP5

4 mm 9mm 76 mm 3 Fig. 3 Airborne pollen sampler with a laboratory dish installed in the Durham sampler. mg 5 ml KOH ml 5 μm 48%HF. mg 5 R mm 3 7 map AP, AP3, AP4 8. map5 5 m mm Alnus maximowiczii m/ 8% mm mm Table List of pollen and spore found in the surface samples and airborne pollen samplers around the crenata forest at Kaneme Arboreal pollen: Podocarpus, Abies, Tsuga, Larix, Pinus subgen. Haploxylon, Pinus subgen. Diploxylon, Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis type, Torreya type, Salix, Platycarya, Pterocarya, Juglans, Carpinus/Ostrya, Corylus, Betula, Alnus,, Fagus japonica, Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus, Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis, crenata, Castanopsis, Ulmus, Zelkova, Celtis/Aphananthe, Moraceae, Euptelea, Cercidiphyllum, Magnolia, Hamamelis, cf. Prunus, Zanthoxylum, Phellodendron, Daphniphyllum, Mallotus, Rhus verniciflua, Rhus ambigua type, Rhus trichocarpa type, Rhus javanica var. roxburghii, Ilex, Celastraceae, Acer, Aesculus turbinata, Rhamnaceae, Vitis, Tilia, Actinidia, Camellia, Araliaceae, Cornus, Clethra, Ericaceae, Styrax, Fraxinus, Sambucus, Viburnum, Weigela Nonarboreal pollen: Typha, Sparganium, Gramineae (Oryza type), Gramineae (wild type), Cyperaceae, Narthecium type, Cannabaceae, Moraceae/Urticaceae, Rumex, Persicaria, Reynoutria, Fagopyrum, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Thalictrum, other Ranunculaceae, Macleaya, Cruciferae, Saxifragaceae, cf. Potentilla, other Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Geranium, Impatiens, Umbelliferae, Gentiana, Monotropastrum, Solanum, Plantago, Patrinia, Artemisia, Ambrosia, other Tubuliflorae, Liguliflorae Spore: Lycopodium, Osmunda, Monolete spore, Trilete spore cm 6 cm 7 cm 3 mm cm m 48%HF g pollen concentration 4 6 Quercus subgen. LepidobalanusM3,

5 69 Percentages of arboreal pollen crenata 7 6 Percentage Pollen concentration M3 Longitudinal direction Cryptomeria japonica Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus L L L4 L6 L8 L L L4 L6 L8 L Transversal direction N N3 L4 N6 N8N m NW SE NE SW 4 Fig. 4 Pollen spectra from surface samples at the crenata forest at Kaneme. L N Pinus subgen. Diploxylon 3% L8 8 N % M3 L N 9 58,63 /g 63 3,5 453,38 /g N 969 /g % ,44 /g L, L6, L, N 4 3%4,3 8,98 /g M3 L6 58%,34 39,94 /g 8 6%,55 8,44 /g 4 3 Pollen concentration ( grains /g) 5 Percentages of arboreal pollen Cryptomeria japonica Percentage Pollen concentration R Db, Cr Ca Cr Db, Cr West 3m East 5 Db: Cr: Ca: Fig. 5 Pollen spectra from surface samples around the crenata forest at Kaneme (Db: Deciduous broadleaved forest, Cr: Cryptomeria japonica forest, Ca: crenata forest). Juglans crenata Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus Pollen concentration ( 5 grains /g) 5 Betula R R m R4.4 m R7 5,58 98,6 /g 6,76 9,3 /gr4 89 /gr / 3

6 7 8 Elevation(m) Percentages of arboreal pollen crenata forest Deciduous broadleaved forest (Quercus serrata dominant) AP5 m E Cryptomeria japonica Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus Percentage crenata 3 3 % 5% Pollen concentration E West 3m East 6 Fig. 6 Landform section of sampling points and pollen spectra from the surface samples along the east line across the crenata forest at Kaneme. 5 4 Pollen concentration ( grains /g) ,4 385, /g 39 39,78 /g R4 3 76,85 /g 6 5 m 3 74% y = 4.4x -.7, R =.94yx 6 m % 9 m 5% 38 m 3 8,73 749,4 /g, /g 9 m 5 /g m..9. m 7 6% 4 6%,7 8,9 /g,67 85,75 /g E 6,86 /ge3,4 /g 4 /g g /g % 5 6 R7 9,65 / g R 93 /g R R4, 4,49 /g R /g R5 R7 33%,86 / g 6 9 R7 3% 8 5 AP /cm 7 m AP 6 /cm 8. m AP5 6 /cm 7a /cm /cm /cm 8% /cm 39 /cm 78 /cm 7b /cm AP AP /cm

7 /cm 5 58 /cm AP AP AP. AP AP m/s mm7 97 mm (a) Number of total airborne pollen ( 3 grains /cm ) (b) Number of total fallen pollen ( 3 grains /cm ) 5 crenata Lepidobalanus Juglans AP AP AP3 AP4 AP5 AP AP AP3 AP4 AP5 crenata m forest a b Fig. 7 Counts of airborne pollen with the Durham type samplers (a) and fallen pollen with the right cylinder type sampler (b) from May to November in 8 at Kaneme AP AP Number of total crenata airborne pollen (grains cm - month - ) 4 6 % AP 4%AP5 3% AP 8 Fig. 8 Monthly change of total airborne pollen counts of crenata in the C. crenata forest at Kaneme m 6% 5.9 /g /g m 5 m m 48 9, / g m 5 /g m 4 /g /g AP5 AP AP4 AP Month

7 8 3..4 4.4 5. 3. 6.5.6% 9 Fig. 9 Dispersal of crenata pollen around the C. crenata forest at Kaneme. 6 % 4 3 66. 9.7.5-5% (4-5) 3%< (59-749) m (3) ( grains /g ) >5% (48-9) 5.7 43.8 57.7 35. 5. 53.

8 % 9 Fig. 9 Dispersal of crenata pollen around the C. crenata forest at Kaneme. 6 % % (4-5) 3%< (59-749) m (3) ( grains /g ) >5% (48-9) % 3% 5 % m 5 m % 6% 5 m m % %> (-4).5-5% (3-59). 5% % ca.m ca.m (ca.5) (ca.4) % 99 m 8 Prunus persica 5 m 5 m. 5 m m m m Araliaceae Saxifragaceae Macleaya 5 m

9 73 6% 5 m 3 5 m 3 5 m 5 m 5% 84 5 cm 89 4 cm3 9 PP 6 P3 6 P5 P6 P7P8 6P6 PPP3 P7P8 P5 P yr BP cal BP ap 5% % P m m P 5 m yr BP 49 yr BP 56 cal BP 4 /7 /8 6 6 P % P 5 m 6 P % 5 m P5 66 9% 5 m P6 m 7 46 P7 7 8% 6 8% 3 5% 4 % P7 m P7 5 m 6% 4 5% 55% 3 39% P7 m m P8 P % 5 m D F 6 7F 5 55% 6% 6% 7 5% 4 3% F

10 74 8 (a) Sannai-maruyama site (P,P,P3,P5,P7,P8) P5 early Jomon appearance of the village P yr BP 469±6 474±6 484±6 487±6 476±6 5±6 486±6 574±6 57±6 589±6 P8 late to final Jomon s early to middle Jomon s appearance of the village 59 6 yr BP Chikano site (F district) yr BP late to final 3±3 Jomon 466±34 3± ±38 middle Jomon 4759±39 early Jomon 58±39 538±38 55±38 3 6% 5% 3 6% 3% Fagus 3 6% 5% middle Jomon (late phase) lower Entoh-b,c,d pottery type early Jomon lower Entoh-a pottery type yr BP lower Entoh-d yr BP early Jomon m P3 lower Entoh-d 3 6% 3% P Chikano site (D district) Belt no.6 3 around the late to final Jomon s around the middle Jomon early Jomon 3 6% 3% 3 6% 3% Fagus 4 Belt no % 4% P7 yr BP 94 5 late to final Jomon s middle Jomon early Jomon Sannai-marutama no.9 site SM9A late Jomon middle Jomon (late phase) middle Jomon (early to middle phases) (b) The Okidate river Sannai-maruyama site P P P7 P3 P6 Sannai-maruyama no.9 site 5m 3 6% 3% 3 6% 5% P5 F P8 D Chikano site peat wood peat herbacious peat peaty mud peaty sand sand macro plant fossile peaty clay gravel macro plant fossile soil loam charcoal pottery silt Pleistocene deposit faunal remains : the late phase of the early to middle Jomon s : the late phase of the early Jomon : the middle Jomon 9a ba 6678 Fig. Pollen spectra of, and Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus (a) and reconstructed distribution of crenata forests during the early to middle Jomon s (b) at the Sannai-maruyama, Chikano, and Sannaimaruyama no. 9 sites (a: modified from Tanaka & Tsujimoto (6), Yoshikawa et al. (6), Palynosurvay Co. Ltd. (7), and Yoshikawa (8)).

11 75 D 8% 5% 5 m 5 m 9 8 SM9A 7 96% 44% 9 % 7% 9 % 6 % 5 m m 5 m P P 6 P3 6 P7 P8 P5 b 6% 5 m 6% 4 /7 /8 5 m 98 5% 6% m

12 76 8 B 833 Andersen, S. Th.967. Tree-pollen rain in a mixed deciduous fores in South Jutland (Denmark). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3: Igarashi, Y Pollen incidence and wind transport in central Hokkaido (II)Research Bulletins of the College Experiment Forests, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University 44(): Janssen, C. R Local and regional pollen deposition. Quaternary Plant Ecology (H. J. B. Birks & R. G. West, eds.), 3 4. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford go.jp/ 8: : : pp 984 A D : : pp : I 8: pp 99 5: 9 6 D V : XXXII :

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.A...j....7(2)-.{.. 7 2 p. 47 58 1999 12 Jpn. J. Histor. Bot. * 6000 Masanobu Yoshikawa *: Vegetation Changes during the Last 6000 Years at the Tameike Site of the Musashino Upland, Central Kanto Plain Pollen influx 6000