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1 ! "18, # $ # $ # $# $ # $ # $2 # $ # $ # $ spontaneous controlled Hopper & Thompson 1980 # transitivity $ # participants $ # agency $ # affectedness of object $ # $ volitionality kinesis aspect # $ # $ # $ # $ 1 / 2 / 3 / 1 AOKI Hiromi 133

2 ICJ JBP IMJ SFJ ! " 2! "! "! " 3! " 1 stative 1973! "! " Makino spontaneous controlled McGloin Hopper & Thompson H&T 1980! transitivity "! participants "! "! agency "! affectedness of object " ! "! "! "! "

3 ! "! " a b c ! 4c " 5! "! " 6! "! " 7a! " 6 7b!! " "! "! " "!% # 6 7 a b 8 4c 1973 Makino McGloin %$ ! " +! " + 9a! / " 9b! " + 10a! " 10b! " 9 a / 3 Kuno a 4! "! "

4 136 b / 10 a b 9! "! "! "! " 11! "! "! " 12! "! "! " 11 a + + b a + + b + +! "! " +! " Makino ! " 13! " 14! " 13 a / b / 14 a / b / !! "! " " a / b / c / a! / "! "! " 15b animate! " inanimate! "! " 16! "! "

5 ! "! " a i i / b i i / ! "! "! " McGloin 1989 spontaneous controlled Makino ! " 18a! " 18b! " 17 a / b / 18 a / b / McGloin McGloin ! "! " 18! "! " H&T Jacobsen 1992 Givón H&T ! transitivity hypothesis " 5 Jerry likes beer. Jerry knocked Sam down.! " 19 a. participants b. kinesis c. aspect d. punctuality i. affectedness of O j. individuation of O

6 138 2 Hopper & Thompson HIGH LOW a. Participants 2 or more participants, A and O 1 participant b. Kinesis action non-action c. Aspect telic atelic d. Punctuality punctual non-punctual e. Volitionality volitional non-volitional f. Affirmation affirmative negative g. Mode realis irrealis h. Agency A high in potency A low in potency i. Affectedness of O O totally affected O not affected j. Individuation of O O highly individuated O non-individuated A agent O object # h. A high in potency $ # l. O totally affected $ # e. volitionality volitional / non-volitional $ # b. kinesis action / nonaction $ # c. aspect telic / atelic $ 7 # $ H&T # $! " H&T ! " 1992 volitionality # $ kinesis # $

7 ! "! " ! " 20! " 21! " a! "! " b! "! "! "! "! agent " 8 20 a b 21 a b! "! "! " ! " 23! " a b a b 23 a b 24 a b 25 a b active potential passive potential

8 ! "! "! experiencer " 27! " a 5 b 6! " 28 a b 9 29! " a! "! " b! "! " a / b / 29 a / b / 28 29! " 30 31! "! "! "! " a / b / 9! "! " ! + " 1993

9 ! "! " a / b / 32! " 33! " 34! "! "! " a / b / 34 a / b /! " 14 33a 34a 33b 34b! "! "! "! " 12 35! " 36! "! " 35 a / b / 36 a / b /! " 37! "! " 38! "! "! " a / b / ! "! " 12! Searle 1969 "

10 a! "! " b c! "! " 39 a / b / 40 a / b / 13 c / H&T c telic / atelic perfective / imperfective 14 I am eating. endpoint I ate it up. telicity 19i I drank some of the milk. I drank up the milk.! " 2004! " 41a! "! " 41b! "! " 42! " 41 a b 42 a b ! "! " 40b telic / atelic! " 1976b 153! "! "! "! "! "

11 ! "! " ! " 44! " 45! " 46! "! " 47! " 48! " 49! " 15! " 43 / 44 / 45 / / 48 / 49 / 6 50! "! "! " 16 51! "! "! "! "! " 50 / 51 / 1996! "! "! " 17! " 52 53! + "! " a b / 53 a telic 16! "! "! "! " ! "! " "

12 144 b 54! " 55! " 56! " 57! "! " / 56 / 57 / 58 60! " 58 / 59 / 60 /! " 5! "! "! " 1987! p. 142 " 2

13 # $ # $ # $! " !# $ # $ " 1976a! " 1976b! " 1993! " 1973! " 1983! " 1978! " 1993 # $! " # $! " # # $# $ $! " # # $# $ 2 $! " # $! " ! " 2005 # $! " ! 1 " 2004 # $! " ! " 1999! " 1978! " 1996! " 1998 # $! " ! " 2002!# $ # $ " Givón, T Functionalism and Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Hopper, P.J., and S.A. Thompson Transitivity in grammar and discourse, Language, Vol.56 2, Jacobsen, W.M The Transitive Structure of Events in Japanese. Kuroshio Publishers. Kuno, S The Structure of the Japanese Language. The MIT Press. Makino, S On the nature of the Japanese potential constructions. Papers in Japanese Linguistics McGloin, N.H A Students Guide to Japanese Grammar. Searle, J.R Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press.

14 146 Vendler, Z Linguistics in Philosophy. Cornell University Press.! " ! " ! " ! " ! " 1999 The Japan Times. 5! " ! " !Intensive Course in Japanese Elementary Dialogues and Drills Part1 2" !Japanese for Busy People I" 1984!Japanese for Busy People II" 1990 Association for Japanese-Language Teaching. Kodansha International LTD. 9!An Introduction to Modern Japanese" th printing. The Japan Times. 10!Situational Functional Japanese Volume1 2 Notes" 1991 # $ 2000 /# 5$# 6$ 1994 /# $ 1993 PHP /# $ 2003 /# $ 1985

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