- PDF 無料ダウンロード

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download ""

ひろとうすい
5 years ago
Views:

1 Back-channeling Expressions used by Native Speakers of Japanese in English Conversations Conversation Management Strategy Perspectives Yoko Otsuka Abstract The purpose of the study is to examine how differently English and Japanese speakers use the backchanneling signals when they communicate in English. It is said that the Japanese speakers use the backchannels more frequently than the English speakers. The phenomena may be one of the manifestations of the difference in conversation management strategy between English and Japanese: the listener s response plays a more important role in the Japanese conversations than in the English ones. The back-channels are utterances which the listener produces while a conversation is carrying on. The listener informs the speaker that he or she is listening, and has understood what the speaker said. Using the back-channels can be said a behavior to make the conversation flow smoothly. The data used for this study consist of two audio-taped and video-taped English conversations, in which the participants are two Japanese and two Americans. In this paper, we examine the following:the frequency of the back-channels used by each participant,a variety of back-channels produced in the conversations andthe difference in the function of the back-channels between Japanese and English. The results of our quantitative and qualitative analysis of the above research questions suggest that the back-channels should function as a conversation management strategy in Japanese listener s verbal behavior. Key words Back-channel, conversation management strategy, politeness strategy, common ground Maynard ykotsuka@ha.shotoku.ac.jp

3 back channel Yngve back channel the person who has the turn receives short messages such as yes and uh-huh without relinquishing the turn yes uh-huh Duncan back channel sentence completionsrequest for clarificationbrief restatements Maynard continuer Tao and Thompson short, non-lexical utterances produced by an interlocutor who is primarily playing a listener s role while the other interlocutor is speaking aha uh-huh mhm yeah Yes Okay I see. Right Really

4 MD TOEFL TOEFL

5 Yeah, yeah, yeah So, usually, what kind of party do you have? Ah, like orientation thing. Then probably be, like a bar, a table, with a bunch of food set out and you try on and then, some tables are set out, and so everyone could just come in and get their food

6 Mmhmh. and start mingling, you know, talking to each other Mmhmh. and then, um maybe a couple of speakers will talk a little bit of university or stuff like that. Mmhmh. What do you think? But, you are from New York City though, right? Oh, yeah I musedtothat,i musedtothat. So, you are from, then as he the completely opposite, he s grown up in places as diversified and different races. Mhm. In New York city Mhm. you ve got them all.

7 Yes Okay Right I see. That strue. Ah, you re right. Ah, that s too bad. okay right okay Isee okay I think just to get to know each other Okay. I guess the, and like, I think it s yeah kinda make connections and get to know some Japanese students Mmhmh. and...questions, you know, you know you can ask somebody Okay. about Japanese culture. If you re not sure about something you just wanna check with your

8 friend. How about four to eight. Four to eight. Four to eight? Four hour? Yeah, then you can come, come and go Mmhmh. Mmmh. You don thavetobetherealongtime I see. Mmm. you can just leave whenever I see, okay. and then go. right So people can want, people can join party whenever they want. Right. Sometimes I teach at Zama Zama, ah. sometimes Yokosuka, sometimes Ah. Fuji, sometimes we say Atsugi. Tao and Thompson backchannel clustering yes I do, too. Maybe though, could be fun though. Or we could just maybe plan to have some Japanese music in the background. Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes.

9 Have you both been to United States? Visiting or working? Oh, I, I had been to the United States in Santa Barbar Santa Barbara? In California? California, yes, Santa Barbara, about two weeks. Ok, so I think there a pretty, a lot of a, races and people. Pardon? Um, different cultures?

10 Brown and Levinson common ground backchannel clustering common ground White

11 White common ground continuer Schegloff yes C Hori et al. backchannel clustering White Accommodation Hypothesis

12 ... K turn-taking Face Discourse Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C.. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duncan, Starkey, Jr.. On the structure of speaker-auditor interaction during speaking turns. Language in Society,,-. Hori, Motoko, Tsuda, Sanae, Murata, Yasumi, Otsuka, Yoko, Shigemitsu, Yuka, Murata, kazuyo and Otanai, Mami..Discoursal Problems in Cross-Cultural Conversations. Panel papers presented at the International Pragmatics Association. Maynard, Senko K.. Japanese Communication: Language and Thought in Context. Honolulu: University of Hawai i Press. Schegloff, Emanuel A.. Discourse as an interactional achievement: some uses of uh huh and other things that come between sentences. Georgetown University Roundtable on Language and Linguistics, ed. by Deborah Tannen,-. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press. Tao, Hongyin and Thompson, Sandra A.. English backchannels in Mandarin conversations: A case study of superstratum pragmatic interfence. Journal of Pragmatics,,-. White, Sheida.. Backchannels across cultures: A study of Americans and Japanese. Language Sociology,,-. Yngve, Victor H.. On getting a word in edgewise. Paper from the sixth Regional meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, -.

C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S S X+S2 X A. S1 2 a. b. c. d. e. 2

C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S S X+S2 X A. S1 2 a. b. c. d. e. 2 I. 200 2 II. ( 2001) 30 1992 Do X for S2 because S1(is not desirable) XS S2 A. S1 S2 B. S S2 S2 X 1 C. S2 X D. E.. (1) X 12 15 S1 10 S2 X+S1 3 X+S2 4 13 S1S2 X+S1+S2 X S1 X+S2. 2. 3.. S X+S2 X A. S1 2