Study on Imaging and Strain Mapping in the Vicinity of Internal Crack Tip Using Synchrotron White X-Ray

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1 (Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan), Vol. 57, No. 7, pp , July 2008 X Study on Imaging and Strain Mapping in the Vicinity of Internal Crack Tip Using Synchrotron White X-Ray by Jun-ichi SHIBANO, Kentaro KAJIWARA, Kouji KIRIYAMA, Takahisa SHOBU, Kenji SUZUKI, Suguru NISHIMURA, Setsuo MIURA and Michiaki KOBAYASHI An imaging and a strain mapping in the vicinity of a crack tip in material were investigated using a high energy white X-ray obtained from BL28B2 beam line at SPring-8 in Japan. Low-alloy and high-tensile steel (JIS G3128 SHY685) was used as a specimen prepared in the G-type geometry. A fatigue crack was introduced into the specimen by a cyclic loading. The imaging of the crack in the specimen was carried out by using the X-ray CCD camera that can detect the X-ray transmitted through the specimen. To measure the strain, the synchrotron white X-ray beam, which had a height of 80μm and a width of 300μm, was incident on the specimen with the Bragg angle θ of 5 degrees using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction technique. The internal strain in the vicinity of the crack tip was mapped out by scanning the irradiated X-ray position around it. As the results, the imaging of the crack, with about 1mm length, in the specimen under the loading of crack opening was practicable by using the synchrotron white X-ray. The map of the internal strain near the crack tip of the steel of 5mm thickness could be obtained using the white X- ray with energy ranging from 50keV to 150keV. The plastic region estimated from the distribution of the FWHM of diffracted X-ray profile almost agreed with the theoretical value calculated by fracture mechanics. It was confirmed that the synchrotron white X-ray is useful for the imaging of the internal crack and the strain mapping near it. Key words : Imaging, Strain mapping, Synchrotron radiation, High energy white X-ray, Internal strain, Energy dispersive method 1 (SCC) X 1), 2) SPring-8 50keV 150keV X 3), 4) X X mm 100μm X Received Nov. 12, The Society of Materials Science, Japan Dept. of Mech. Eng., Kitami Inst. of Tech., Kouen-cho, Kitami, ( ) JASRI, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, SPring-8 Service Co., Ltd., Sayo-gun, Hyogo, ( ) JAEA, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Dept. of Tech. and Living Sci., Niigata Univ., Igarashi-2-no-cho, Niigata, Dept. of Mech. Eng., Kitami Inst. of Tech., Kouen-cho, Kitami,

2 668 X Croft 5) 4mm X X X X SPring-8 BL28B2 X 5mm X CCD 2 X WEL-TEN780E (JIS G3128 SHY685) 13μm 200GPa MPa Fig. 1 G 4) 10mm 5mm 0.33mm 0.3mm Ar SERVOPULSER 25.2N m 5Hz mm 315MPa Fig mm 2 2 SPring-8 BL28B2 X CCD C A AA40P 5.83μm X CCD 530mm 5mm X Fig. 3 BL28B2 X 7mm 3mm 1mm X 50keV SPECTRA 6) BL28B2 WEB (URL G 1550με Fig. 2 Fatigue crack observed by optical microscope. Fig. 1 G-type specimen configuration and loading direction for fatigue test. Fig. 3 Experimental setup of imaging using high energy white X-ray at BL28B2 in SPring-8.

3 X SPring-8 BL28B2 Fig. 4 BL28B2 28.9keV X SPECTRA BL28B2 WEB keV X Ge SSD SSD X MCA 4096 X Pb-Kα1 ( keV) Pb-Kα2 ( kev) Co-57 (122keV) (1) En = CH [ kev] (1) CH MCA (1) eV kev Fig. 5 X Fig. 5 Y X SSD X X 100keV 2θ μm 300μm 80μm 300μm 3.44mm 0.3mm 0.08mm BL28B2 Fig. 4 Experimental setup of strain mapping using high energy white X-ray at BL28B2 in SPring-8. Fig. 5 Setup of specimen for strain measurement and schematic diagram of gauge volume using transmission diffracted X-ray ) X E n0 X E n (2) d d0 En0 En ε = = (2) d0 En X Fig. 5 X Fig. 5 Z SSD 2θ = 10

4 670 θ = 5 0.2mm mm 15 1mm 1.5mm 112 (Fig. 8) Fig. 5 Z Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Measurement area and positions for strain mapping in the vicinity of crack tip. Fig. 6 Imaging of the crack in the specimen without loading of crack opening. 1.03mm Fig. 2 5mm 50keV X 5mm 3 2 Fig. 9 X X 4) Fig. 10 (a), (b) αfe321 FWHM Fig. 10 (b) Fig. 7 Imaging of the crack in the specimen with loading of crack opening. Fig. 9 Diffraction profile of specimen using high energy white X-ray.

5 X 671 Fig. 10 (b) FWHM 321 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 αfe321 FWHM Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig FWHM Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 11 Y Fig mm 1.15mm 1.7mm 1.03mm Fig. 10 Strain, FWHM and intensity of diffraction X-ray distributions along crack direction. 10mm Fig. 10 (a) Fig. 10 (a) 1mm 2mm Fig. 10 (a) FWHM FWHM 1mm 1.4mm FWHM 1.4mm FWHM FWHM Fig. 11 Internal strain ε y distribution of αfe321 in the vicinity of crack tip with loading of crack opening. Fig. 12 FWHM distribution of αfe321 diffraction in the vicinity of crack tip with loading of crack opening.

6 mm 1.2mm Fig. 12 FWHM FWHM Fig mm Fig. 11 Fig. 15 Fig. 13 Fig mm Fig. 14 Fig. 16 FWHM FWHM 1.4mm Fig. 15 Strain distribution in the vicinity of crack tip along crack direction. Fig. 16 Distribution of FWHM of diffracted X-ray profile in the vicinity of crack tip along crack direction. Fig. 13 Internal strain ε y distribution of αfe321 in the vicinity of crack tip without loading of crack opening. Fig. 14 FWHM distribution of αfe321 diffraction in the vicinity of crack tip without loading of crack opening. I K I Tada 8) K σ πaf ξ, ξ a W (3) I = ( ) = ( ) F ξ πξ sin 2 πξ 2 tan πξ 2 πξ cos 2 (4) W a σ (3) (4) W 10mm a 1.33 mm σ 315MPa K I (5) KI = [ MPa m] (5) (6) KI rp = (6) π σy (6) σ Y = 779MPa (5) 0.269mm (6) 1/3 0.09mm Fig. 15 FWHM 4

7 X mm 1.4mm 0.3mm 5mm 3.44mm 1.3mm αfe321 FWHM 4 SPring-8 BL28B2 X 1mm 5mm (JIS G3128 SHY685) (1) 50keV X 5mm (2) X 5mm X FWHM 2 (3) FWHM X 7 SPring A ) Y. Sakaida, K. Tanaka, Y. Akiniwa and Y. Sawaki, In-situ local stress measurement near notch tip in alumina ceramics using synchrotron radiation source, Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan, Vol.52, No.10, pp (2003). 2 ) Y. Akiniwa, H. Kimura and K. Tanaka, Measurement of stress distribution near notch and fatigue crack in ultra-fine grained steel by synchrotron radiation, Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan, Vol.53, No.7, pp (2004). 3 ) T. Hirata, J. Shibano, T. Shobu, K. Suzuki, H. Kaneko and M. Kobayashi, Strain measurement in the depth of the order of millimeter using high energy white X-rays, Key Engineering Materials, Vols , pp (2006). 4 ) J. Shibano, T. Shobu, K. Suzuki, T. Hirata, H. Kaneko and M. Kobayashi, Measurement of internal strain in materials using high energy synchrotron radiation white X-rays, Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan, Vol.56, No.10, pp (2007). 5 ) M. Croft, Z. Zhong, N. Jisrawi, I. Zakharchenko, R. L. Holtz, J. Skaritka, T. Fast, K. Sadananda, M. Lakshmipathy and T. Tsakalakos, Strain profiling of fatigue crack overload effects using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol.27, pp (2005). 6 ) T. Tanaka and H. Kitamura, SPECTRA : a synchrotron radiation calculation code, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol.8, pp (2001). 7 ) J. Shibano, T. Shobu, K. Suzuki, K. Kiriyama, K. Kajiwara, H. Kaneko, S. Nishimura and M. Kobayashi, Strain measurement in the depth of the order of millimeter and the gauge volume of the order of micrometer using synchrotron white X-rays, Proceedings of the 42nd Symposium on X-Ray Studies on Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, The Society of Materials Science, Japan, pp (2007). 8 ) Edited by JSMS, The strength and fracture of materials 9th ed., p.69 (1996) The Society of Materials Science, Japan.

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