OpenFOAM User Guide

Transcription

1 Open FOAM CFD Version CAE

2 U-2 Copyright CAE CAE 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) OpenFOAM Foundation CAE Typeset in pl A TEX.

3 U-3 Copyright 2011 OpenFOAM Foundation. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. License THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE ( CCPL OR LICENSE ). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPY- RIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED. BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PRO- VIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. TO THE EXTENT THIS LICENSE MAY BE CONSIDERED TO BE A CON- TRACT, THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CON- SIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS. 1. Definitions a. Adaptation means a work based upon the Work, or upon the Work and other preexisting works, such as a translation, adaptation, derivative work, arrangement of music or other alterations of a literary or artistic work, or phonogram or performance and includes cinematographic adaptations or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted including in any form recognizably derived from the original, except that a work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical work, performance or phonogram, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image ( synching ) will be considered an Adaptation for the purpose of this License. b. Collection means a collection of literary or artistic works, such as encyclopedias and anthologies, or performances, phonograms or broadcasts, or other works or subject matter other than works listed in Section 1(f) below, which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations, in which the Work is included in its entirety in unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent works in themselves, which together are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collection will not be considered an Adaptation (as defined above) for the purposes of this License. c. Distribute means to make available to the public the original and copies of the Work through sale or other transfer of ownership. d. Licensor means the individual, individuals, entity or entities that offer(s) the Work

4 U-4 under the terms of this License. e. Original Author means, in the case of a literary or artistic work, the individual, individuals, entity or entities who created the Work or if no individual or entity can be identified, the publisher; and in addition (i) in the case of a performance the actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, interpret or otherwise perform literary or artistic works or expressions of folklore; (ii) in the case of a phonogram the producer being the person or legal entity who first fixes the sounds of a performance or other sounds; and, (iii) in the case of broadcasts, the organization that transmits the broadcast. f. Work means the literary and/or artistic work offered under the terms of this License including without limitation any production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression including digital form, such as a book, pamphlet and other writing; a lecture, address, sermon or other work of the same nature; a dramatic or dramatico-musical work; a choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show; a musical composition with or without words; a cinematographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; a work of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving or lithography; a photographic work to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; a work of applied art; an illustration, map, plan, sketch or three-dimensional work relative to geography, topography, architecture or science; a performance; a broadcast; a phonogram; a compilation of data to the extent it is protected as a copyrightable work; or a work performed by a variety or circus performer to the extent it is not otherwise considered a literary or artistic work. g. You means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation. h. Publicly Perform means to perform public recitations of the Work and to communicate to the public those public recitations, by any means or process, including by wire or wireless means or public digital performances; to make available to the public Works in such a way that members of the public may access these Works from a place and at a place individually chosen by them; to perform the Work to the public by any means or process and the communication to the public of the performances of the Work, including by public digital performance; to broadcast and rebroadcast the Work by any means including signs, sounds or images. i. Reproduce means to make copies of the Work by any means including without limitation by sound or visual recordings and the right of fixation and reproducing fixations of the Work, including storage of a protected performance or phonogram in digital form or other electronic medium.

5 U-5 2. Fair Dealing Rights. Nothing in this License is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any uses free from copyright or rights arising from limitations or exceptions that are provided for in connection with the copyright protection under copyright law or other applicable laws. 3. License Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below: a. to Reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collections, and to Reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collections; b. and, to Distribute and Publicly Perform the Work including as incorporated in Collections. The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats, but otherwise you have no rights to make Adaptations. Subject to 8(f), all rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved, including but not limited to the rights set forth in Section 4(d). 4. Restrictions. The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions: a. You may Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work only under the terms of this License. You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) for, this License with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that restrict the terms of this License or the ability of the recipient of the Work to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties with every copy of the Work You Distribute or Publicly Perform. When You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work, You may not impose any effective technological measures on the Work that restrict the ability of a recipient of the Work from You to exercise the rights granted to that recipient under the terms of the License. This Section 4(a) applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collection, but this does not require the Collection apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collection, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collection any credit as required by Section 4(c), as requested. b. You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner

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7 U-7 society that administers voluntary licensing schemes, via that society, from any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License that is for a purpose or use which is otherwise than noncommercial as permitted under Section 4(b). e. Except as otherwise agreed in writing by the Licensor or as may be otherwise permitted by applicable law, if You Reproduce, Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work either by itself or as part of any Collections, You must not distort, mutilate, modify or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author s honor or reputation. 5. Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LI- CENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WAR- RANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATU- TORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TI- TLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGE- MENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. 6. Limitation on Liability. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 7. Termination a. This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Collections from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License. b. Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force

8 U-8 and effect unless terminated as stated above. 8. Miscellaneous a. Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. b. If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable. c. No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent. d. This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. e. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You. The rights granted under, and the subject matter referenced, in this License were drafted utilizing the terminology of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on September 28, 1979), the Rome Convention of 1961, the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of 1996 and the Universal Copyright Convention (as revised on July 24, 1971). These rights and subject matter take effect in the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced according to the corresponding provisions of the implementation of those treaty provisions in the applicable national law. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law includes additional rights not granted under this License, such additional rights are deemed to be included in the License; this License is not intended to restrict the license of any rights under applicable law.

9 U-9 Trademarks ANSYS is a registered trademark of ANSYS Inc. CFX is a registered trademark of Ansys Inc. CHEMKIN is a registered trademark of Reaction Design Corporation EnSight is a registered trademark of Computational Engineering International Ltd. Fieldview is a registered trademark of Intelligent Light Fluent is a registered trademark of Ansys Inc. GAMBIT is a registered trademark of Ansys Inc. Icem-CFD is a registered trademark of Ansys Inc. I-DEAS is a registered trademark of Structural Dynamics Research Corporation JAVA is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems Inc. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds OpenFOAM is a registered trademark of SGI Corp. ParaView is a registered trademark of Kitware STAR-CD is a registered trademark of Computational Dynamics Ltd. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group

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11 U-3 1 Definitions U-3 2 Fair Dealing Rights. U-5 3 License Grant. U-5 4 Restrictions. U-5 5 Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer U-7 6 Limitation on Liability. U-7 7 Termination U-7 8 Miscellaneous U-8 U-11 1 U-17 2 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U-64

12 U U U U U U U U U-70 3 U OpenFOAM U U C++ U U U U H U wmake U wclean rmdepall U pisofoam U U U U U U U U U U U U OpenFOAM U OpenFOAM U U U U U U U U-109

13 U U U U #include #inputmode U #codestream U U U U U U U U U U U U U PISO SIMPLE U U U U U polymesh U cellshape U U U U U U U blockmesh U blockmeshdict U U U blockmesh U snappyhexmesh U snappyhexmesh U U U U-151

14 U U U U U U fluentmeshtofoam U startofoam U gambittofoam U ideastofoam U cfx4tofoam U U U U U U parafoam U parafoam U Properties U Display U U U U U U U U Fluent U Fieldview U EnSight U EnSight U ensight74foamexecreader U U U foamjob U foamlog U U U U U-186

15 U U U-187 U-189

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17 1 Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) C OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM C++ OpenFOAM 3 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 1.1 Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) C++ ライブラリ 前処理 解析 後処理 ユーティリティ メッシングツール ユーザ基本アプリケーションアプリケーション ParaView その他 EnSight など 1.1 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 4 5 OpenFOAM 6

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19 2 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM $FOAM_TUTORIALS OpenFOAM OpenFOAM blockmesh OpenFOAM parafoam OpenFOAM parafoam 6 OpenFOAM icofoam incompressible/icofoam incompressible tutorials mkdir -p $FOAM_RUN cp -r $FOAM_TUTORIALS $FOAM_RUN x 1 m/s icofoam pisofoam

20 U-20 2 U x = 1 m/s d = 0.1 m y x OpenFOAM emacs vi gedit kate nedit 4.1 CFD OpenFOAM ( cavity ) cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity OpenFOAM 3 3 OpenFOAM empty x y OpenFOAM blockmesh constant/polymesh blockmeshdict blockmeshdict 1 /* *- C++ -* *\ 2 ========= 3 \\ / F ield OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox 4 \\ / O peration Version: \\ / A nd Web:

21 2.1 U y 0 z 2.2 x \\/ M anipulation 7 \* */ 8 FoamFile 9 { 10 version 2.0; 11 format ascii; 12 class dictionary; 13 object blockmeshdict; 14 } 15 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // converttometers 0.1; vertices 20 ( 21 (0 0 0) 22 (1 0 0) 23 (1 1 0) 24 (0 1 0) 25 ( ) 26 ( ) 27 ( ) 28 ( ) 29 ); blocks 32 ( 33 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 34 ); edges 37 ( 38 ); boundary 41 ( 42 movingwall 43 { 44 type wall; 45 faces 46 ( 47 ( ) 48 ); 49 } 50 fixedwalls 51 { 52 type wall; 53 faces

22 U ( 55 ( ) 56 ( ) 57 ( ) 58 ); 59 } 60 frontandback 61 { 62 type empty; 63 faces 64 ( 65 ( ) 66 ( ) 67 ); 68 } 69 ); mergepatchpairs 72 ( 73 ); // ************************************************************************* // 1 7 ({... }) FoamFile FoamFile vertices blocks blockmeshdict 5.3 blockmeshdict blockmesh blockmesh blockmesh blockmeshdict cavity 0 0 p U (p) (U) p 17 dimensions [ ]; internalfield uniform 0; boundaryfield 22 { 23 movingwall 24 { 25 type zerogradient; 26 } 27

23 2.1 U fixedwalls 29 { 30 type zerogradient; 31 } frontandback 34 { 35 type empty; 36 } 37 } // ************************************************************************* // dimensions internalfield m 2 s boundaryfield (1) fixedwall (2) movingwall p zerogradient 0 frontandback 2 empty uniform uniform 0 0/U dimensions 3 0 uniform (0 0 0) frontandback fixedwall value uniform (0 0 0) 1 m/s uniform (1 0 0) Properties Dictionaries icofoam transportproperties transportproperties nu ( ν ) 10 Re = d U ν (2.1) d U ν d = 0.1 m U = 1 m s 1 Re = 10 ν = 0.01 m 2 s 1

24 U nu nu [ ] 0.01; // ************************************************************************* // controldict system OpenFOAM 4.3 t = 0 OpenFOAM startfrom starttime starttime ( 1 s) 0.5 s stopat endtime endtime 0.5 deltat icofoam 1 Co = t U x (2.2) t U x Co < 1 Co t Co 1 m s 1 x = d n = = m (2.3) 1 deltat t = Co x U = = s (2.4) writecontrol

25 2.1 U-25 timestep n writeinterval 0.1, 0.2,..., 0.5 s s 20 writeinterval 20 OpenFOAM s icofoam U p controldict application icofoam; startfrom starttime; starttime 0; stopat endtime; endtime 0.5; deltat 0.005; writecontrol timestep; writeinterval 20; purgewrite 0; writeformat ascii; writeprecision 6; writecompression off; timeformat general; timeprecision 6; runtimemodifiable true; // ************************************************************************* // fvschemes (system ) fvsolution fvsolution PISO prefcell prefvalue prefcell prefvalue 0

26 U OpenFoam parafoam parafoam parafoam -case parafoam -case $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity 6.1 ParaView Pipeline Browser ParaView cavity.openfoam Apply Mesh Parts Mesh Parts ParaView Apply Display 2.3 (1) Color by Solid Color (2) Set Solid Color (3) Style Representation Wireframe Edit View Settings... ParaView Edit View Settings General Use Parallel Projection Annotation Orientation Axes & UNIX/Linux OpenFOAM icofoam icofoam icofoam -case

27 2.1 天井駆動のキャビティ流れ U-27 Display パネルを開く Color by Solid Color を選択 Solid Color を設定 例えば黒 Wireframe を選択 図 2.3 parafoam でのメッシュの表示 icofoam -case $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity ジョブの進捗は ターミナルウィンドウに表示されます 現在の時刻 最大クーラン数 全て のフィールドの初期値と最終的結果を表示します 後処理 結果が時刻ディレクトリに書かれるとすぐに parafoam を使って見ることができます para- Foam ウィンドウに戻って cavity.openfoam ケースモジュールの Properties パネルを選んで ください ケースモジュールのパネルが存在していないようならば cavity.openfoam が青く ハイライトされているか それと並んだ目のボタンは表示が有効であることを示しているか を確認してください 見たいデータを表示する parafoam を準備するには 最初に必須の実行時間として 0.5 s 分の データを読込まなければなりません ケースが実行中で一方 ParaView を開いている場合 時間 ディレクトリの出力データは ParaView に自動的にロードはされません データをロードする ためには Properties ウィンドウで Refresh Times をクリックします これで各時刻のデータが ParaView にロードされます

28 U Display 2.4 Style Representation surface ColorPanel Set Color by Rescale to Data Range VCR Controls Current Time Controls 0.5 t = 0.5 s 6.4 ParaView StylePanel Representation Surface Color Rescale to Data Range Color VCR Controls Current time 0.5 t = 0.5 s Color by Active Variable Controls Toggle Color Legend Visibility View Show Color Legend Active Variable Controls toolbar Display Color panel Edit Color Map button image ParaView ParaView Color Scale Editor Choose Preset Blue to Red Rainbow OK Make Default ParaView slice slice (0.05, 0.05, 0.005) (0, 0, 1) (Z Normal ) contour Pipeline Browser Properties Panel Delete Pipeline Browser Pipeline Browser cavity.openfoam Filter Alphabetical Cell Centers

29 2.1 U-29 Display パネルを開く Color by として p の補間値を選択 Rescale to Data Range をクリック Surface を選択 2.4 Apply Pipeline Browser Centers Filter Alphabetical Glyph 2.6 Properties Properties vectors U Scale Mode Vector Magnitude off Set Scale Factor Apply Display Color by U Edit Color Map Show Color Legend 2.7 Color Legend Times Roman Automatic Label Format Label Format %-#6.2f View Settings General 0 off 0 ParaView x

30 U ParaView Pipeline Browser cavity.openfoam Filter Stream Tracer Apply 2.8 Propaties Seed Line Sourse ( (0.05, 0, 0.005) (0.05, 0.1, 0.005) ) Point Resolution 21 Max Propagation Length 0.5 Initial Step Length Cell Length 0.01 Integration Direction BOTH Runge-Kutta 2 Integrator Type Apply Filter Tubes Num. sides 20 Radius Radius factor 10 Accept cavity cavityfine cavity cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam

31 2.1 U-31 Parameters パネルを開く Set Scale Factorを0.005 に設定 Scale Mode で offを選択 Glyph Type で Arrowを選択 2.6 Glyph mkdir cavityfine cavity cavityfine cavityfine cp -r cavity/constant cavityfine cp -r cavity/system cavityfine cd cavityfine blockmesh blockmeshdict blocks hex cavity ( ) ( ) blockmesh mapfields

32 第2章 U-32 チュートリアル 図 2.7 キャビティケースの速度 フィールドと求める結果のフィールド両方のジオメトリ 境界の種類 境界条件が同一である ので フィールドは 首尾一貫している と考えられます この例で mapfields を実行すると き -consistent コマンドラインオプションを使います mapfields maps のフィールドデータは 目的ケース すなわち結果が図にされている の controldict 内の startfrom/starttime で指定される時間ディレクトリから読まれます この例 では cavityfine ケースの細かいメッシュ上に cavity ケースから粗いメッシュの最終結果をマッピ ングしましょう これらの結果が cavity の 0.5 のディレクトリに格納されているので starttime を controldict ディクショナリで 0.5 s に startfrom を starttime にセットします これらの変 更を保存しましょう mapfields を実行する準備ができました mapfields -help と打ち込むと mapfields の実行 には入力ケースのディレクトリを指定する必要があることがわかります -consistent オプ ションを使うので 次のようにユーティリティは cavityfine ディレクトリから実行される mapfields../cavity -consistent mapfields が実行され次のように出力されるでしょう Source: ".." "cavity" Target: "." "cavityfine" Create databases as time Source time: 0.5 Target time: 0.5 Create meshes Source mesh size: 400 Target mesh size: 1600 Consistently creating and mapping fields for time 0.5 interpolating p interpolating U

33 2.1 U-33 Parameters パネルを開く Max Propagationを Lengthで 0.5 に設定 Initial Step Lengthを Cell Length で 0.01に設定 Integration Direction をBOTHに設定 Line Source を選択し, 点と解像度を設定 2.8 Stream Tracer End deltat controldict s controldict writecontrol timestep runtime 0.1 writecontrol runtime writeinterval 0.1 endtime 0.7 s

34 第2章 U-34 チュートリアル 図 2.9 キャビティケースの流線 バックグラウンドプロセスとしてコードを動かす icoform をバックグラウンドプロセスとして動かしてみて 最終的な結果を後で見ることが できるように log ファイルに出力しましょう cavitiyfine ディレクトリにおいて次のコマンド を実行してください icofoam > log & cat log 精密なメッシュによるベクトルプロット 各々の新しいケースは本質的には単なる Pipeline Browser に現れる他のモジュールであるの で ParaView で同時に複数のケースを開くことができます 若干不便なことには ParaView で 新しいケースを開けるときには 選ばれたデータが拡張子を含むファイル名である必要があり ます しかし OpenFOAM において 各々のケースは特定のディレクトリ構造の中に拡張子な しで複数のファイルに保存されます 解決方法として parafoam スクリプトが自動的に拡張子.OpenFOAM が付いたダミーファイルを作成することになっています それゆえに cavity ケー スモジュールは cavity.openfoam と名づけられます ParaView 内から他のケースディレクトリを開けたいならば そのようなダミーファイルを作 成する必要があります たとえば cavityfine ケースを読み込むには コマンドプロンプトで次 のようにタイプしてファイルを作成します cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam touch cavityfine/cavityfine.openfoam こ う し て File メ ニ ュ ー か ら Open Data を 選 ん で デ ィ レ ク ト リ ツ リ ー を た ど り cavityfine.openfoam を選ぶことで cavityfine ケースを ParaView に読み込めるようにな りました さて ParaView で精密なメッシュの結果のベクトルプロットを作ることができます 同時に両方のケースの glyph を見られるようににすることによって cavityfine ケースのプロッ トを cavity ケースと比較することができます

35 2.1 U-35 Display パネルを開く Line Series から Uxを選択 arc_length を選択 Scatter Plotを選択 OpenFOAM 2 foamcalc foamcalc <calctype> <fieldname1... fieldnamen> <calctype> addsubtract randomise div components mag maggrad magsqr interpolate <calctype> >> foamcalc xxxx Selecting calctype xxxx unknown calctype type xxxx, constructor not in hash table Valid calctype selections are: 8 ( randomise magsqr maggrad addsubtract

36 U-36 2 div mag interpolate components ) components mag calctype foamcalc components U Ux Uy Uz foamcalc mag U magu foamcalc cavity cavityfine cavity cavity foamcalc cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavity foamcalc components U ParaView gnuplot Grace/xmgr sample Ux Uy Uz ParaView cavity.openfoam Properties Refresh Times ParaView Volume Fields Apply Mesh Parts Mesh Parts movingwall fixedwall frontandback ParaView Plot Over Line Filter Data Analisys 3D View XY Plot Properties Plobeline Point1 (0.05, 0, 0.005) Point2 (0.05, 0.1, 0.005) Resolution 100 Apply XY Plot Display Attribute Mode Point Data Use Data Array X Axis Data arc_length x Display Line Series Ux foamcalc Ux

37 2.1 U-37 Line Series Line Color Line Thickness Line Style Marker Style Chart Axes XY Plot 3 View Settings 2.11 ParaView 2.11 Standard type of Notation Specify Axis Range Sans Serif 12 Display Enable Line Series Line Series Enable Line Series Line Style Marker Style 2.11 parafoam 2.1.6

38 U-38 2 lid-driven blockmeshdict (cavitygrade) $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam y 0 z x cavitygrade constant/polymesh blockmeshdict blockmeshdict x y /* *- C++ -* *\ 18 ========= 19 \\ / F ield OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox 20 \\ / O peration Version: \\ / A nd Web: 22 \\/ M anipulation 23 \* */ 24 FoamFile 25 { 26 version 2.0; 27 format ascii; 28 class dictionary; 29 object blockmeshdict; 30 } 31 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // converttometers 0.1; vertices 36 ( 37 (0 0 0) 38 ( )

39 2.1 U (1 0 0) 40 ( ) 41 ( ) 42 ( ) 43 (0 1 0) 44 ( ) 45 (1 1 0) 46 ( ) 47 ( ) 48 ( ) 49 ( ) 50 ( ) 51 ( ) 52 ( ) 53 ( ) 54 ( ) 55 ); blocks 58 ( 59 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (2 2 1) 60 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading ( ) 61 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading ( ) 62 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading ( ) 63 ); edges 66 ( 67 ); boundary 70 ( 71 movingwall 72 { 73 type wall; 74 faces 75 ( 76 ( ) 77 ( ) 78 ); 79 } 80 fixedwalls 81 { 82 type wall; 83 faces 84 ( 85 ( ) 86 ( ) 87 ( ) 88 ( ) 89 ( ) 90 ( ) 91 ); 92 } 93 frontandback 94 { 95 type empty; 96 faces 97 ( 98 ( ) 99 ( ) 100 ( ) 101 ( ) 102 ( ) 103 ( ) 104 ( ) 105 ( ) 106 ); 107 } 108 ); 109

40 U mergepatchpairs 111 ( 112 ); // ************************************************************************* // blockmeshdict blockmesh parafoam blockmesh l R n x s = l r 1 αr 1 r (2.5) r = R 1 n 1 (2.6) R for R > 1, α = 1 r 1 + r 1 for R < 1. (2.7) cavitygrade m 3.45 mm (2.2) ms deltat 2.5 ms writeinterval s /cavitygrade/system/controldict deltat 0.25e-3 writeinterval 40 starttime cavityfine 0.7 cavity cavityfine cavitygrade 0.1 s endtime 0.8

41 2.1 U mapfields cavityfine cavitygrade cavitygrade mapfields cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavityGrade mapfields../cavityfine -consistent icofoam cavity cavity cavityhighre cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam cp -r cavity cavityhighre cavityhighre transportproperties m 2 s 1 cavity startfrom latesttime icofoam 0.5 endtime 2 s icofoam UNIX nohup nice nohup nice

42 U cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam nohup nice -n 19 icofoam > log & cat log icofoam U p icofoam U p fvsolution 10 6 cavityhighren log 1.62 s log No Iterations 0 U 1 2 Time = Courant Number mean: max: DILUPBiCG: Solving for Ux, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-06, 6 No Iterations 0 7 DILUPBiCG: Solving for Uy, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-06, 8 No Iterations 0 9 DICPCG: Solving for p, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-07, 10 No Iterations 4 11 time step continuity errors : sum local = e-09, global = e-19, 12 cumulative = e DICPCG: Solving for p, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-07, 14 No Iterations 3 15 time step continuity errors : sum local = e-09, global = e-19, 16 cumulative = e ExecutionTime = 1.02 s ClockTime = 1 s Time = Courant Number mean: max: DILUPBiCG: Solving for Ux, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-06, 23 No Iterations 0 24 DILUPBiCG: Solving for Uy, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-06, 25 No Iterations 0 26 DICPCG: Solving for p, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-07, 27 No Iterations 4 28 time step continuity errors : sum local = e-09, global = e-20, 29 cumulative = e DICPCG: Solving for p, Initial residual = e-06, Final residual = e-07, 31 No Iterations time step continuity errors : sum local = e-09, global = e-19, 33 cumulative = e ExecutionTime = 1.02 s ClockTime = 1 s parafoam endtime

43 2.1 U-43 (RAS) k ε 10 4 k ε pisofoam OpenFOAM $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/pisoFoam/ras cavity blockmesh k ε OpenFOAM ν t 0/nut dimensions [ ]; internalfield uniform 0; boundaryfield 23 { 24 movingwall 25 { 26 type nutkwallfunction; 27 value uniform 0; 28 } 29 fixedwalls 30 { 31 type nutkwallfunction; 32 value uniform 0; 33 } 34 frontandback 35 { 36 type empty; 37 } 38 } // ************************************************************************* // movingwall fixedwalls nutwall- Function nutrough- WallFunction k ε (0/k 0/epsilon) ε epsilonwallfunction k kqrwallfunction k q R k ε U l

44 U-44 2 k ε k = 1 2 U U (2.8) ε = C0.75 µ k 1.5 l C µ k ε 0.09 k (2.9) k = 1 2 (U x2 + U y 2 + U z 2 ) (2.10) x y z U x 2 = U y 2 = U z 2 5 % l 0.1 m 20 % U x = U y = U z = m s 1 (2.11) k = 3 ( ) 5 2 m 2 s 2 = m 2 s 2 (2.12) ε = C0.75 µ k m 2 s 3 (2.13) l k ε U p (0, 0, 0) 0 OpenFOAM RAS large-edy simulation (LES) turbulenceproperties simulationtype constant simulationtype RASModel; // ************************************************************************* // simulationtype laminar RASModel LESModel RASModel RAS RASProperties constant 3.9 RASModel k ε kepsilon turbulence on printcoeffs on Coeffs kepsilon kepsiloncoeffs RASProperties & transportproperties 10 4 (2.1) 10 5 m 2 s 1

45 2.1 U-45 controldict starttime stoptime deltat writeinterval deltat s endtime 10 s pisofoam pisofoam m s deltat 0.02 s startfrom latesttime pisofoam 10.0 endtime 20 s mapfields icofoam cavityclipped cavity 0.04 m blockmeshdict 17 converttometers 0.1; vertices 20 ( 21 (0 0 0) 22 ( ) 23 ( ) 24 ( ) 25 ( ) 26 (0 1 0) 27 ( ) 28 (1 1 0) ( ) 31 ( ) 32 ( ) 33 ( ) 34 ( ) 35 ( ) 36 ( ) 37 ( ) 38

46 U ); blocks 42 ( 43 hex ( ) (12 8 1) simplegrading (1 1 1) 44 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 45 hex ( ) (8 12 1) simplegrading (1 1 1) 46 ); edges 49 ( 50 ); boundary 53 ( 54 lid 55 { 56 type wall; 57 faces 58 ( 59 ( ) 60 ( ) 61 ); 62 } 63 fixedwalls 64 { 65 type wall; 66 faces 67 ( 68 ( ) 69 ( ) 70 ( ) 71 ( ) 72 ( ) 73 ( ) 74 ); 75 } 76 frontandback 77 { 78 type empty; 79 faces 80 ( 81 ( ) 82 ( ) 83 ( ) 84 ( ) 85 ( ) 86 ( ) 87 ); 88 } 89 ); mergepatchpairs 92 ( 93 ); // ************************************************************************* // blockmesh cavity cavity movingwall lid controldict starttime 0.5 s cavityclipped 0.5 s

47 2.1 天井駆動のキャビティ流れ U-47 に予定されています したがって初期状態の物理量のデータ たとえば時刻 0 からをコピーす る必要があります cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam/cavityClipped cp -r データをマッピングする前に 0.5 s における形状と物理量の状況をみておきましょう 速度場と圧力場を cavity から cavityclipped にマップしようとしています パッチが一致しない ため system ディレクトリの mapfieldsdict を編集する必要があります patchmap と cutting- Patches という二つの入力項目があります patchmap リストは元となる物理量のパッチとマッピ ング対象となる物理量のパッチを含みます 対象物理量のパッチに元となる物理量のパッチの値 を引き継ぎたいときに利用します cavityclipped において lid の境界値を cavity の movingwall から引き継ぎたいので次のように patchmap に記述します patchmap ( lid movingwall ); 図 2.13 cavity ケースで解いた速度場を cavityclipped 上にマッピングした図 cuttingpatches リストは 対象パッチを削除した 元の場の内部の値を写像した対象のパッ チを含みます 本ケースでは fixedwalls を内挿プロセスの実例説明に用いることとします cuttingpatches ( fixedwalls ); ここで mapfields を次のコマンドから実行することができます

48 第2章 U-48 図 2.14 チュートリアル 速度場の cavityclipped の解法 mapfields../cavity 図 2.13 に示すような場を確認することができます 境界パッチは 期待したように元のケース からの値が引き継がれています この実例において fixedwalls パッチの速度を (0, 0, 0) にリ セットしたい場合があります このときは U をエディタで開き fixedwalls を nonuniform から uniform (0,0,0) に変更します そして icofoam を実行しましょう 修正した形状の後処理 最初と最後の解析の比較のために この解析ケースのベクトル図を 最初の時刻は 0.5 s 次 いで 0.6 s のように作成することができます さらに 幾何形状のアウトラインも示しますが これは 2 次元のケースでは少し注意が必要です Filter メニューから Extract Parts を選択し Parameter パネルで 興味のあるパッチ つまり lid と fixedwalls をハイライトします Apply ボタンをクリックし Display パネルで Wireframe の選択すれば ジオメトリのうち選択した ものを表示することができます 図 2.14 は パッチを黒で表示し 修正した形状の底部角部分 において形成される渦を示しています 2.2 穴あき板の応力解析 本チュートリアルでは 中央に円形の穴を有する正方形板の線形弾性定常応力解析における 前処理 実行および後処理の方法を述べます 板の大きさは 辺長 4 m および穴の半径 0.5 m です さらに図 2.15 に示すように 板の左右端には σ = 10 kpa の一様表面力が負荷されてい ます 本形状においては二つの対称面が存在するため 解析領域は図 2.15 のグレーで示した板 全体の 4 分の 1 の部分のみをカバーすれば十分です 本問題では 板の面内に応力が負荷されるため 2 次元問題として近似することができます デカルト座標系においては この構造の 3 番目の次元についての振る舞いを考察するにあたっ

49 2.2 U-49 σ = 10 kpa symmetry plane y x σ = 10 kpa R = 0.5 m symmetry plane m (1) 2 (2) ( ) σ 1 + R2 (σ xx ) x=0 = 2y 2 + 3R4 2y 4 for y R 0 for y < R (2.14) x y OpenFOAM 3 z 0.5 m z

50 U up 7 up 6 left 4 3 right x 2 9 x 1 x 2 left 0 4 x x 2 x 1 5 y hole x 2 1 x 2 2 right x x 1 1 x 1 down 2 down $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/stressAnalysis/solidDisplacementFoam platehole platehole constant/polymesh/blockmeshdict block- MeshDict 17 converttometers 1; vertices 20 ( 21 ( ) 22 (1 0 0) 23 (2 0 0) 24 ( ) 25 ( ) 26 ( ) 27 (2 2 0) 28 ( ) 29 (0 2 0) 30 (0 1 0) 31 ( ) 32 ( ) 33 ( ) 34 ( ) 35 ( ) 36 ( ) 37 ( ) 38 ( ) 39 ( ) 40 ( ) 41 ( ) 42 ( )

51 2.2 U ); blocks 46 ( 47 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 48 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 49 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 50 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 51 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 52 ); edges 55 ( 56 arc 0 5 ( ) 57 arc 5 10 ( ) 58 arc 1 4 ( ) 59 arc 4 9 ( ) 60 arc ( ) 61 arc ( ) 62 arc ( ) 63 arc ( ) 64 ); boundary 67 ( 68 left 69 { 70 type symmetryplane; 71 faces 72 ( 73 ( ) 74 ( ) 75 ); 76 } 77 right 78 { 79 type patch; 80 faces 81 ( 82 ( ) 83 ( ) 84 ); 85 } 86 down 87 { 88 type symmetryplane; 89 faces 90 ( 91 ( ) 92 ( ) 93 ); 94 } 95 up 96 { 97 type patch; 98 faces 99 ( 100 ( ) 101 ( ) 102 ); 103 } 104 hole 105 { 106 type patch; 107 faces 108 ( 109 ( ) 110 ( ) 111 ); 112 } 113 frontandback

52 U { 115 type empty; 116 faces 117 ( 118 ( ) 119 ( ) 120 ( ) 121 ( ) 122 ( ) 123 ( ) 124 ( ) 125 ( ) 126 ( ) 127 ( ) 128 ); 129 } 130 ); mergepatchpairs 133 ( 134 ); // ************************************************************************* // edges arc simplespline polyline arc arc 3 blockmeshdict x 2 4 x 1 (left) (down) blockmeshdict SymmetryPlane frontandback 2 blockmeshdict empty patch blockmesh parafoam D 0/D 17 dimensions [ ]; internalfield uniform (0 0 0); boundaryfield 22 {

53 2.2 U left 24 { 25 type symmetryplane; 26 } 27 right 28 { 29 type tractiondisplacement; 30 traction uniform ( ); 31 pressure uniform 0; 32 value uniform (0 0 0); 33 } 34 down 35 { 36 type symmetryplane; 37 } 38 up 39 { 40 type tractiondisplacement; 41 traction uniform ( ); 42 pressure uniform 0; 43 value uniform (0 0 0); 44 } 45 hole 46 { 47 type tractiondisplacement; 48 traction uniform ( ); 49 pressure uniform 0; 50 value uniform (0 0 0); 51 } 52 frontandback 53 { 54 type empty; 55 } 56 } // ************************************************************************* // (0, 0, 0) m Constant/polyMesh/boundaries left down type symmetryplane frontandback empty (1) traction (2) pressure up

54 U-54 2 hole right 2.24 (1e4, 0, 0) Pa 0 Pa (0, 0, 0) m mechanicalproperties 2.1 planestress yes kg m 3 rho 7854 Pa E nu soliddisplacementfoam T thermalproperties thermalstress OpenFOAM 2.2 J kg 1 K 1 C 434 W m 1 K 1 k 60.5 K 1 alpha thermalproperties thermalstress no controldict starttime 0 deltat endtime writeinterval 20 controldict application soliddisplacementfoam; startfrom starttime; starttime 0; stopat endtime; endtime 100; 27

55 2.2 U deltat 1; writecontrol timestep; writeinterval 20; purgewrite 0; writeformat ascii; writeprecision 6; writecompression off; timeformat general; timeprecision 6; graphformat raw; runtimemodifiable true; // ************************************************************************* // fvschemes timescheme steadystate soliddisplacementfoam fvschemes grad(u) leastsquares d2dt2schemes 19 { 20 default steadystate; 21 } ddtschemes 24 { 25 default Euler; 26 } gradschemes 29 { 30 default leastsquares; 31 grad(d) leastsquares; 32 grad(t) leastsquares; 33 } divschemes 36 { 37 default none; 38 div(sigmad) Gauss linear; 39 } 40

56 U laplacianschemes 42 { 43 default none; 44 laplacian(dd,d) Gauss linear corrected; 45 laplacian(dt,t) Gauss linear corrected; 46 } interpolationschemes 49 { 50 default linear; 51 } sngradschemes 54 { 55 default none; 56 } fluxrequired 59 { 60 default no; 61 D yes; 62 T no; 63 } // ************************************************************************* // system fvsolution solvers D solver GAMG tolerance 10 6 reltol solvers 19 { 20 "(D T)" 21 { 22 solver GAMG; 23 tolerance 1e-06; 24 reltol 0.9; 25 smoother GaussSeidel; 26 cacheagglomeration true; 27 ncellsincoarsestlevel 20; 28 agglomerator faceareapair; 29 mergelevels 1; 30 } 31 } stressanalysis 34 { 35 compactnormalstress yes; 36 ncorrectors 1; 37 D 1e-06; 38 } // ************************************************************************* // fvsolution stress-

57 2.2 U-57 Analysis ncorrectors ncorrectors 1 D cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/stressAnalysis/solidDisplacementFoam/plateHole soliddisplacementfoam > log & kill soliddisplacementfoam σ σ xx parafoam OpenFOAM σ xx sigmaxx σ xx σ xy foamcalc sigma foamcalc components sigma sigmaxx sigmaxy 2.18 parafoam (2.14) sample sample system sampledict 6.3 sets (0.0, 0.5, 0.25) (0.0, 2.0, 0.25) fields

58 U σxx (kpa) interpolationscheme cellpoint; setformat raw; sets 23 ( 24 leftpatch 25 { 26 type uniform; 27 axis y; 28 start ( ); 29 end ( ); 30 npoints 100; 31 } 32 ); fields ( sigmaxx ); // ************************************************************************* // sample writeformat raw 2 sets t = 100 s sets/100/leftpatch_sigmaxx.xy GnuPlot plot [0.5:2] [0:] sets/100/leftpatch_sigmaxx.xy, 1e4*(1+(0.125/(x**2))+( /(x**4))) soliddisplacementfoam

59 2.3 U Stress (σxx)x=0 (kpa) Distance, y (m) Numerical prediction Analytical solution x y mapfields mapfields interfoam 2 interfoam 2 Volume of fluid (VOF) 2 α 1 VOF

60 U t = 0 s m 水柱 m m m m m m $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/laminar dambreak blockmesh dambreak blockmeshdict converttometers 0.146; vertices 21 ( 22 (0 0 0) 23 (2 0 0) 24 ( ) 25 (4 0 0) 26 ( ) 27 ( ) 28 ( ) 29 ( ) 30 (0 4 0)

61 2.3 U (2 4 0) 32 ( ) 33 (4 4 0) 34 ( ) 35 ( ) 36 ( ) 37 ( ) 38 ( ) 39 ( ) 40 ( ) 41 ( ) 42 ( ) 43 ( ) 44 ( ) 45 ( ) 46 ); blocks 49 ( 50 hex ( ) (23 8 1) simplegrading (1 1 1) 51 hex ( ) (19 8 1) simplegrading (1 1 1) 52 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 53 hex ( ) (4 42 1) simplegrading (1 1 1) 54 hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) 55 ); edges 58 ( 59 ); boundary 62 ( 63 leftwall 64 { 65 type wall; 66 faces 67 ( 68 ( ) 69 ( ) 70 ); 71 } 72 rightwall 73 { 74 type wall; 75 faces 76 ( 77 ( ) 78 ( ) 79 ); 80 } 81 lowerwall 82 { 83 type wall; 84 faces 85 ( 86 ( ) 87 ( ) 88 ( ) 89 ( ) 90 ( ) 91 ); 92 } 93 atmosphere 94 { 95 type patch; 96 faces 97 ( 98 ( ) 99 ( ) 100 ( ) 101 );

62 U } 103 ); mergepatchpairs 106 ( 107 ); // ************************************************************************* // constant/polymesh boundary blockmesh leftwall rightwall lowerwall atmosphere defaultfaces atmosphere patch defaultfaces 2 empty leftwall rightwall lowerwall wall patch wall wall interfoam alpha1 (α 1 ) alphacontactangle theta0 θ 0 thetaa θ A thetar θ R utheta θ 0 = 90 0 wall alpha1 alphacontactangle zerogradient top totalpressure p0 U fixedvalue pressureinletoutletvelocity zerogradient fixedvalue inletoutlet zerogradient fixedvalue buoyantpressure 2 defaultfaces empty

63 2.3 U α 1 1 α 1 = (2.15) 0 setfields system setfieldsdict setfieldsdict defaultfieldvalues 19 ( 20 volscalarfieldvalue alpha ); regions 24 ( 25 boxtocell 26 { 27 box (0 0-1) ( ); 28 fieldvalues 29 ( 30 volscalarfieldvalue alpha ); 32 } 33 ); // ************************************************************************* // defaultfieldvalues regions regions fieldvalues toposetsource boxtocell α 1 1 setfields setfields dambreak alpha1 alpha1.org setfields alpha1.org alpha1 cp 0/alpha1.org 0/alpha1 setfields parafoam alpha1 2.21

64 U-64 2 Phase fraction, α alpha1 phase1 m 2 s 1 nu kg m 3 rho phase2 m 2 s 1 nu kg m 3 rho 1.0 N m 1 sigma dambreak constant transportproperties phase1 phase2 transportmodel nu Newtonian CrossPowerLaw CrossPowerLawCoeffs <model>coeffs rho sigma 2.3 constant g U p g uniformdimensionedvectorfield dimensions value (0, 9.81, 0) m s dimensions [ ]; 19 value ( );

65 2.3 U // ************************************************************************* // turbulenceproperties simulationtype laminar simulationtype laminar; // ************************************************************************* // Co Co 0.5 Co interfoam controldict adjusttimestep on Co ( maxalphaco maxco) 0.5 maxdeltat 1.0 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM controldict writecontrol adjustableruntime controldict application interfoam; startfrom starttime; starttime 0; stopat endtime; endtime 1; deltat 0.001; writecontrol adjustableruntime;

66 U writeinterval 0.05; purgewrite 0; writeformat ascii; writeprecision 6; writecompression uncompressed; timeformat general; timeprecision 6; runtimemodifiable yes; adjusttimestep yes; maxco 0.5; 51 maxalphaco 0.5; maxdeltat 1; // ************************************************************************* // interfoam OpenCFD Multidimensional Universal Limiter for Explicit Solution (MULES) fvschemes divschemes (ρuu) div(rho*phi,u) Gauss limitedlinearv ϕ ϕ = 1.0 div(phi,alpha) (Uα 1 ) vanleer div(phirb,alpha) (U rb α 1 ) vanleer interfacecompression fvschemes ddtschemes 19 { 20 default Euler; 21 } gradschemes 24 { 25 default Gauss linear; 26 } divschemes 29 {

67 2.3 U div(rho*phi,u) Gauss limitedlinearv 1; 31 div(phi,alpha) Gauss vanleer; 32 div(phirb,alpha) Gauss interfacecompression; 33 } laplacianschemes 36 { 37 default Gauss linear corrected; 38 } interpolationschemes 41 { 42 default linear; 43 } sngradschemes 46 { 47 default corrected; 48 } fluxrequired 51 { 52 default no; 53 p_rgh; 54 pcorr; 55 alpha1; 56 } // ************************************************************************* // fvsolution PISO interfoam α 1 PISO nalphasubcycles calpha nalphasubcycles α 1 sub-cycle α calpha tee cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/multiphase/interFoam/laminar/damBreak interfoam tee log

68 第2章 U-68 チュートリアル このコードは 対話的に実行されつつ 出力のコピーを log ファイルに記録してくれます 後処理 結果の後処理は 通常の方法で行えます ユーザは参照時間の経過に伴う相比率 alpha1 の 発達を見ることができます 例えば図 2.22 をみてください Phase fraction, α (a) t = 0.25 s のとき Phase fraction, α (b) t = 0.50 s のとき 図 2.22 α1 相のスナップショット 並列計算 前述の例の結果はかなり目の粗い格子を使って得られました ここでは格子の解像度を増や して再計算します 新しいケースは 一般的に一つのプロセッサでは計算するのに数時間を要 するので 複数のプロセッサにアクセスしているのであれば OpenFOAM の並列計算機能を

69 2.3 U-69 dambreak cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/interFoam mkdir dambreakfine cp -r dambreak/0 dambreakfine cp -r dambreak/system dambreakfine cp -r dambreak/constant dambreakfine dambreakfine blockmeshdict blocks blocks ( hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 1 1) hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 2 1) hex ( ) (4 76 1) simplegrading (1 2 1) hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading (1 2 1) ); blockmeshdict dambreak 0 alpha1 alpha1 U p_rgh uniform α 1 = 1 α 1 = 0 mapfields 0 < α 1 < 1 setfields α 1 0/alpha1.org 0/alpha1 cd $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/interFoam/laminar/damBreakFine cp -r 0/alpha1.org 0/alpha1 setfields OpenFOAM decomposepar decomposepar system decomposepardict ($FOAM_UTILITIES/parallelProcessing/decomposePar) numberofsubdomains

70 U-70 2 simple simplecoeffs x y z n 2 3 z n z 1 n x n y x y n n x n y numberofsubdomain x y delta numberofsubdomain 4 n = (2, 2, 1) decomposepardict decomposepar decomposepar 3.4 openmpi (MPI) mpirun -np 4 interfoam -parallel > log & log reconstructpar 2.24

71 2.3 ダムの決壊 U-71 Phase fraction, α (a) t = 0.25 s のとき Phase fraction, α (b) t = 0.50 s のとき 図 2.24 正確なメッシュの α1 相のスナップショット また 単に個々のプロセッサの領域を一つのケースと扱うことで 分解された領域の部分を 個々に後処理することもできます 例えば parafoam を以下のように起動します parafoam -case processor1 すると processor1 が ParaView のケースモジュールとして表れます 図 2.23 に simple 方式 による領域分割を行った際の processor1 のメッシュを示します

72

73 3 OpenFOAM C++ OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 3.1 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM C++ OpenFOAM C (velocity field) U U

74 U C++ C++ U mag(u) vectorfield U vectorfield vectorfield vector Field C++ Field<Type> scalar vector tensor <Type> Field OpenFOAM OpenFOAM ρu t solve ( fvm::ddt(rho, U) + fvm::div(phi, U) - fvm::laplacian(mu, U) == - fvc::grad(p) ); + ϕu µ U = p OpenFOAM Fortran 90 C++

75 3.2 U-75 OpenFOAM C++ C++ OpenFOAM OpenFOAM Doxygen HTML $WM_PROJECT_DIR/doc/Doxygen/html/index.html 3.2 OpenFOAM UNIX/Linux UNIX make OpenFOAM wmake wmake OpenFOAM C C nc nc.c nc.so.so newapp.c nc nc.c newapp.c nc.so H ( nc.h ).H.C

76 U-76 3 メインコード newapp.c #include "nc.h" int main() { return(0); } ヘッダファイル -I オプション nc.h 定義 ncクラス nc.c #include "nc.h" コード コンパイル newapp 実行ファイル リンク -l オプション nc.so ライブラリ コンパイル 3.1.H.H.C (.H dependency ) # include "otherheader.h"; # include OpenFOAM createfields.h wmake C C++ Java C C++ Java lex yacc IDL MOC

77 3.2 U-77 make sh ksh csh lex cc Apollo SUN SGI HP (HPUX) Compaq (DEC) IBM (AIX) Cray Ardent, Stardent PC Linux PPC Linux NEC SX4 Fujitsu VP wmake OpenFOAM.C newapp 3.2 newapp newapp.c newapp newapp.c otherheader.h Make files options 3.2 options files Make wmake I 1. $WM_PROJECT_DIR/src/OpenFOAM/lnInclude 2. newapp/lninclude 3. newapp 4. /usr/x11/include $(MPICH_ARCH_PATH)/include $WM_PROJECT_DIR/wmake/rules/$WM_ARCH/ 5. -I Make/options

78 U-78 3 Make/options EXE_INC = \ -I<directoryPath1> \ -I<directoryPath2> \... \ -I<directoryPathN> -I EXE_INC \ \ wmake -L 1. $FOAM_LIBBIN 2. $WM_DIR/rules/$WM_ARCH/ /usr/x11/ $(MPICH_ARCH_PATH)/lib 3. Make/options -l lib.so libnew.so -lnew wmake 1. $FOAM_LIBBIN libopenfoam.so 2. $WM_DIR/rules/$WM_ARCH/ /usr/x11/lib libm.so $(LAM ARCH PATH)/lib liblam.so 3. Make/options Make/options EXE_LIBS = \ -L<libraryPath1> \ -L<libraryPath2> \... \ -L<libraryPathN> \ -l<library1> \ -l<library2> \... \ -l<libraryn> -L -l

79 3.2 U C.C.C Make/files ( newapp.c ).C Make/files EXE = newapp OpenFOAM $FOAM_APPBIN $FOAM_USER_APPBIN OpenFOAM $WM_PROJECT_USER_DIR OpenFOAM Make/files $FOAM_USER_APPBIN Make/files newapp.c EXE = $(FOAM_USER_APPBIN)/newApp wmake wmake wmake <optionalarguments> <optionaldirectory> <optionaldirectory> <optionaldirectory> wmake <optionalarguments> <optionalarguments> 3.1 Argument lib libso libo jar JAVA exe 3.1 wmake

80 U wmake wmake 3.2 $WM_PROJECT_INST_DIR $WM_PROJECT $WM_PROJECT_VERSION $WM_PROJECT_DIR $WM_PROJECT_USER_DIR $HOME/OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM $HOME/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM $HOME/OpenFOAM/$USER $WM_ARCH $WM_ARCH_OPTION $WM_COMPILER $WM_COMPILER_DIR $WM_COMPILER_BIN $WM_COMPILER_LIB $WM_COMPILE_OPTION $WM_DIR $WM_MPLIB $WM_OPTIONS $WM_PRECISION_OPTION Linux, SunOS Gcc43 - gcc 4.3.3, ICC - Intel $WM_COMPILER_BIN/bin $WM_COMPILER_BIN/lib Debug - debugging, Opt optimisation. wmake LAM MPI MPICH PVM = $WM_ARCH$WM_COMPILER......$WM_COMPILE_OPTION$WM_MPLIB linuxgcc3optmpich SP DP 3.2 wmake wclean rmdepall newapp.dep wmake.dep Make/$WM_OPTIONS make wclean wclean <optionalarguments> <optionaldirectory> <optionaldirectory> wclean Make <optionalarguments> lib <optionalarguments> lninclude rmdepall.dep OpenFOAM

81 3.2 U pisofoam pisofoam $FOAM_APP/solvers/incompressible/pisoFoam pisofoam.c pisofoam.c 1 /* *\ 2 ========= 3 \\ / F ield OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox 4 \\ / O peration 5 \\ / A nd Copyright (C) 2011 OpenFOAM Foundation 6 \\/ M anipulation License 9 This file is part of OpenFOAM OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it 12 under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 13 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 14 (at your option) any later version OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 17 ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 18 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 19 for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 22 along with OpenFOAM. If not, see < Application 25 pisofoam Description 28 Transient solver for incompressible flow Turbulence modelling is generic, i.e. laminar, RAS or LES may be selected \* */ #include "fvcfd.h" 35 #include "singlephasetransportmodel.h" 36 #include "turbulencemodel.h" // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 41 { 42 #include "setrootcase.h" #include "createtime.h" 45 #include "createmesh.h" 46 #include "createfields.h" 47 #include "initcontinuityerrs.h" // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // Info<< "\nstarting time loop\n" << endl; while (runtime.loop()) 54 { 55 Info<< "Time = " << runtime.timename() << nl << endl; #include "readpisocontrols.h" 58 #include "CourantNo.H" // Pressure-velocity PISO corrector 61 { 62 // Momentum predictor

82 U fvvectormatrix UEqn 65 ( 66 fvm::ddt(u) 67 + fvm::div(phi, U) 68 + turbulence->divdevreff(u) 69 ); UEqn.relax(); if (momentumpredictor) 74 { 75 solve(ueqn == -fvc::grad(p)); 76 } // --- PISO loop for (int corr=0; corr<ncorr; corr++) 81 { 82 volscalarfield rau(1.0/ueqn.a()); U = rau*ueqn.h(); 85 phi = (fvc::interpolate(u) & mesh.sf()) 86 + fvc::ddtphicorr(rau, U, phi); adjustphi(phi, U, p); // Non-orthogonal pressure corrector loop 91 for (int nonorth=0; nonorth<=nnonorthcorr; nonorth++) 92 { 93 // Pressure corrector fvscalarmatrix peqn 96 ( 97 fvm::laplacian(rau, p) == fvc::div(phi) 98 ); peqn.setreference(prefcell, prefvalue); if 103 ( 104 corr == ncorr && nonorth == nnonorthcorr 106 ) 107 { 108 peqn.solve(mesh.solver("pfinal")); 109 } 110 else 111 { 112 peqn.solve(); 113 } if (nonorth == nnonorthcorr) 116 { 117 phi -= peqn.flux(); 118 } 119 } #include "continuityerrs.h" U -= rau*fvc::grad(p); 124 U.correctBoundaryConditions(); 125 } 126 } turbulence->correct(); runtime.write(); Info<< "ExecutionTime = " << runtime.elapsedcputime() << " s" 133 << " ClockTime = " << runtime.elapsedclocktime() << " s"

83 3.2 U << nl << endl; 135 } Info<< "End\n" << endl; return 0; 140 } // ************************************************************************* // 1 // /*...*/ pisofoam.c fvcfd.h #include "fvcfd.h" # include pisofoam incompressiblerasmodels incompressiblelesmodels incompressibletransport- Models EXE_INC = -I... EXE_LIBS = -l... Make/ options 1 EXE_INC = \ 2 -I$(LIB_SRC)/turbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulenceModel \ 3 -I$(LIB_SRC)/transportModels \ 4 -I$(LIB_SRC)/transportModels/incompressible/singlePhaseTransportModel \ 5 -I$(LIB_SRC)/finiteVolume/lnInclude 6 7 EXE_LIBS = \ 8 -lincompressibleturbulencemodel \ 9 -lincompressiblerasmodels \ 10 -lincompressiblelesmodels \ 11 -lincompressibletransportmodels \ 12 -lfinitevolume \ 13 -lmeshtools pisofoam pisofoam.c $FOAM_APPBIN Make/files 1 pisofoam.c 2 3 EXE = $(FOAM_APPBIN)/pisoFoam $FOAM_SOLVERS/incompressible/pisoFoam wmake pisofoam Making dependency list for source file pisofoam.c SOURCE DIR=. SOURCE=pisoFoam.C ; g++ -DFOAM EXCEPTION -Dlinux -DlinuxOptMPICH -DscalarMachine -DoptSolvers -DPARALLEL -DUSEMPI -Wall -O2 -DNoRepository -ftemplate-depth-17 -I.../OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-2.1.0/src/OpenFOAM/lnInclude -IlnInclude -I.... -lmpich -L/usr/X11/lib -lm -o.../openfoam/openfoam-2.1.0/applications/bin/linuxoptmpich/pisofoam

84 U-84 3 make: Nothing to be done for allfiles. make: Make/linuxOptMPICH/dependencies is up to date. make:.../openfoam/openfoam-2.1.0/applications/bin/linuxoptmpich/pisofoam is up to date. wclean wmake OpenFOAM OpenFOAM $WM_PROJECT_DIR/etc/controlDict $HOME ( $HOME/.OpenFOAM/2.1.1/controlDict ) foamdebugswitches 1 controldict OpenFOAM dimensionset filemodificationskew OpenFOAM NFS OpenFOAM filemodificationskew OpenFOAM ( new) new new OpenFOAM

85 3.3 U-85 - DebugSwitches level OpenFOAM - - 0, 1, 2 3 ldumatrix - 0, 1, OptimisationSwitches filemodificationskew NFS NFS OpenFOAM filemodificationchecking timestamp inotify timestampmaster inotifymaster commstype nonblocking scheduled blocking floattransfer 1 float 0 nprocssimplesum controldict libs new1 new2 controldict libs ( "libnew1.so" "libnew2.so" ); <casedir> -help blockmesh -help Usage: blockmesh [-region region name] [-case dir] [-blocktopology] [-help] [-doc] [-srcdoc] [ ]

86 U case <casedir> UNIX/Linux blockmesh blockmesh > log & 3.4 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM MPI (message passing interface) openmpi decomposepar decomposepardict system interfoam/dambreak decomposepardict 17 /* *- C++ -* *\ 18 ========= 19 \\ / F ield OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox 20 \\ / O peration Version: \\ / A nd Web: 22 \\/ M anipulation 23 \* */ 24 FoamFile 25 { 26 version 2.0; 27 format ascii; 28 class dictionary; 29 location "system"; 30 object decomposepardict; 31 } 32 // * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // numberofsubdomains 4; method simple; 37

87 3.4 U simplecoeffs 39 { 40 n ( ); 41 delta 0.001; 42 } hierarchicalcoeffs 45 { 46 n ( ); 47 delta 0.001; 48 order xyz; 49 } manualcoeffs 52 { 53 datafile ""; 54 } distributed no; roots ( ); // ************************************************************************* // method simple x y x y hierarchical scotch manual simple y x Scotch processorweights strategy Scotch $FOAM_SRC/decompositionMethods/ decompositionmethods/scotchdecomp/scotchdecomp.c method <method>coeffs decompositiondict decompositiondict 3.4 decomposepar decomposepar N = 0, 1,... processorn

88 U-88 3 numberofsubdomains N method simple/ hierarchical/ scotch/ metis/ manual/ simplecoeffs n x y z (n x, n y, n z ) delta 10 3 hierarchicalcoeffs n x y z (n x, n y, n z ) delta 10 3 order xyz/xzy/yzx... scotchcoeffs processorweights strategy manualcoeffs datafile <wt1> 1 "b" (<wt1>...<wtn>) "<filename>" distributed yes/no roots <rt1> 1 (<rt1>...<rtn>) 3.4 decompositiondict constant/polymesh OpenFOAM MPI openmpi LAM <machines> <machines> 1 1 LAM /etc/hosts openmpi cpu=n n openmpi aaa bbb ccc aaa openmpi <machines>

89 3.4 U-89 aaa bbb cpu=2 ccc openmpi mpirun mpirun --hostfile <machines> -np <nprocs> <foamexec> <otherargs> -parallel > log & <nprocs> <foamexec> icofoam log $FOAM_RUN/tutorials/incompressible/icoFoam cavity icofoam mpirun --hostfile machines -np 4 icofoam -parallel > log & distributed roots decomposepardict distributed distributed yes; roots <root0> <root1>... roots <nroots> ( "<root0>" "<root1>"... ); <nroots> processorn decomposepardict

90 U-90 3 system constant constant polymesh processorn reconstructpar reconstructpar parafoam 3.5 OpenFOAM $FOAM_SOLVERS app icofoam OpenFOAM 3.5 CFD laplacianfoam potentialfoam scalartransportfoam

91 3.5 U-91 adjointshapeoptimizationfoam boundaryfoam channelfoam icofoam MRFSimpleFoam nonnewtonianicofoam pimpledymfoam pimplefoam pisofoam poroussimplefoam shallowwaterfoam simplefoam SRFSimpleFoam windsimplefoam rhocentralfoam rhocentraldymfoam rhopimplefoam rhoporousmrfltspimplefoam rhoporousmrfsimplefoam rhoporousmrfpimplefoam rhoporoussimplefoam rhosimplecfoam rhosimplefoam sonicdymfoam sonicfoam sonicliquidfoam 1 LES - MRF PIMPLE (SIMPLE PISO ) PIMPLE (SIMPLE PISO ) Kurganov Tadmor Kurganov Tadmor MRF MRF RANS MRF RANS RANS SIM- PLEC RANS SIM- PLE

92 U-92 3 bubblefoam cavitatingfoam compressibleinterfoam interfoam interdymfoam intermixingfoam interphasechangefoam LTSInterFoam MRFInterFoam MRFMultiphaseInterFoam multiphaseinterfoam porousinterfoam settlingfoam twoliquidmixingfoam twophaseeulerfoam (DNS) dnsfoam chemfoam coldenginefoam dieselenginefoam dieselfoam enginefoam firefoam PDRFoam reactingfoam rhoreactingfoam XiFoam 2 2 VOF (volume of fluid) 2 VOF (volume of fluid) 2 VOF (volume of fluid) 2 VOF 3 2 VOF (volume of fluid) VOF (volume of fluid) 2 (LTS ) VOF (volume of fluid) 2 (MRF) n (MRF) n VOF (volume of fluid) (DNS)

93 3.5 U-93 buoyantbafflesimplefoam buoyantboussinesqpimplefoam buoyantboussinesqsimplefoam buoyantpimplefoam buoyantsimplefoam buoyantsimpleradiationfoam chtmultiregionfoam coalchemistryfoam icouncoupledkinematicparceldymfoam icouncoupledkinematicparcelfoam LTSReactingParcelFoam porousexplicitsourcereactingparcelfoam reactingparcelfilmfoam reactingparcelfoam uncoupledkinematicparcelfoam mdequilibrationfoam mdfoam heat- ConductionFoam buoyantfoam (LTS) PISO PISO PISO dsmcfoam (DSMC) electrostaticfoam magneticfoam mhdfoam soliddisplacementfoam solidequilibriumdisplacementfoam financialfoam (MHD) Black Scholes 3.5

94 U OpenFOAM $FOAM_UTILITIES util ideastofoam I-DEAS OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 3.6 applyboundarylayer applywallfunctionboundaryconditions boxturb changedictionary dsmcinitialise engineswirl faceagglomerate foamupgradefvsolution mapfields mdinitialise setfields viewfactorgen wallfunctiontable blockmesh extrudemesh extrude2dmesh extrudetoregionmesh snappyhexmesh ansystofoam cfx4tofoam dattofoam fluent3dmeshtofoam fluentmeshtofoam foammeshtofluent 1/7 OpenFOAM RAS 1.6 box polymesh/boundary system/dsmcinitialise dsmcfoam system/fvsolution::solvers (MD) 2D 2 3D facezones I-DEAS ANSYS OpenFOAM CFX 4 OpenFOAM dattofoam points blockmesh Fluent OpenFOAM Fluent OpenFOAM OpenFOAM Fluent

95 3.6 U-95 foamtostarmesh OpenFOAM PROSTAR (v4) bnd/cel/vrt foamtosurface OpenFOAM gambittofoam GAMBIT OpenFOAM gmshtofoam Gmsh.msh ideasunvtofoam I-DEAS unv kivatofoam KIVA OpenFOAM mshtofoam.msh netgenneutraltofoam Netgen v4.4 Neutral plot3dtofoam Plot3d OpenFOAM sammtofoam STAR-CD SAMM OpenFOAM star3tofoam STAR-CD (v3) PROSTAR OpenFOAM star4tofoam STAR-CD (v4) PROSTAR OpenFOAM tetgentofoam tetgen.ele.node.face writemeshobj javaview OBJ attachmesh autopatch checkmesh createbaffles createpatch deformedgeom flattenmesh insidecells mergemeshes mergeorsplitbaffles mirrormesh movedynamicmesh moveenginemesh movemesh objtovtk polydualmesh refinemesh renumbermesh rotatemesh setset setstozones mergeorsplitbaffles faceset polymesh U 2 obj vtk polymesh n 1 n 2 pointzones/facezones/cellzones pointsets/facesets/cellsets

96 U-96 3 singlecellmesh splitmesh splitmeshregions stitchmesh subsetmesh toposet transformpoints zipupmesh autorefinemesh collapseedges combinepatchfaces modifymesh PDRMesh refinehexmesh refinementlevel refinewalllayer removefaces selectcells splitcells ensightfoamreader fieldview9reader foamdatatofluent foamtoensight foamtoensightparts foamtofieldview9 foamtogmv foamtotecplot360 foamtovtk smaptofoam paraview attachdetach cellset facesets/cellsets/pointsets poly- Mesh 4 PDR OpenFOAM EnSight OpenFOAM Fieldview 9 OpenFOAM Fluent OpenFOAM EnSight OpenFOAM EnSight Ensight OpenFOAM 3.0 Fieldview-UNS OpenFOAM GMV Tecplot VTK STAR-CD SMAP OpenFOAM

97 3.6 U-97 Co enstrophy flowtype Lambda2 Mach Pe Q streamfunction uprime vorticity stresscomponents pprime2 wallgradu wallheatflux wallshearstress yplusles yplusras createturbulencefields R patchaverage patchintegrate phi Co surfacescalarfield U U flowtype 2 U phi Pe surfacescalarfield 2 U uprime ( 2k/3) U sigma pprime2 ([p p] 2 ) U volscalarfield yplus RAS yplus R particletracks VTK steadyparticletracks VTK probelocations Configurable graph drawing program $WM_PROJECT_DIR/applications/utilities/postProcessing/velocityField/Co/Co.C Description Calculates and writes the Co number as a surfacescalarfield obtained from field phi.

98 U-98 3 sample dsmcfieldscalc enginecompratio execflowfunctionobjects foamcalc foamlisttimes pdfplot postchannel ptot wdot writecellcentres ( STL) surfaceadd surfaceautopatch surfacecheck surfaceclean surfacecoarsen surfaceconvert surfacefeatureconvert surfacefeatureextract surfacefind surfaceinertia surfacemeshconvert surfacemeshconverttesting surfacemeshexport surfacemeshimport surfacemeshinfo surfacemeshtriangulate surfaceorient surfacepointmerge DSMC U T BDC TCD ( system/controldict) system/ timeselector wdot volscalarfields autopatch bunnylod edgemesh trisurface coordinatesystem coordinatesystem surfmesh coordinatesystem surfmesh polymesh trisurface polymesh -inside

99 3.6 U-99 surfaceredistributepar surfacerefineredgreen surfacesmooth surfacesplitbypatch surfacesplitnonmanifolds surfacesubset surfacetopatch surfacetransformpoints decomposepar reconstructpar reconstructparmesh redistributemeshpar adiabaticflamet chemkintofoam equilibriumco equilibriumflamet mixtureadiabaticflamet expanddictionary foamdebugswitches foamformatconvert foaminfoexec patchsummary trisurface ( red ) ( green ) (R. Verfuerth, A review of a posteriori error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement techniques, Wiley-Teubner, 1996) trisurface - borderedge borderpointe borderedge - borderline borderedge trisurface subsetmesh boundarymesh transformpoints OpenFOAM OpenFOAM decomposepardict CHEMKIN 3 Open- FOAM controldict IOobject 3.6

100 U OpenFOAM $FOAM_LIB/$WM_OPTIONS lib lib incompressibletransportmodels OpenFOAM OpenFOAM algorithms containers db dimensionedtypes dimensioned<type> dimensionset dimensionset fields global graph graph interpolations matrices memory meshes primitives finitevolume cfdtools CFD fields finitevolume fvmatrices fvmesh interpolation surfacemesh volmesh fieldfunctionobjects foamcalcfunctions forces jobcontrol postcalc sampling systemcall utilityfunctionobjects foamcalc automesh snappyhexmesh blockmesh blockmesh dynamicmesh

101 3.7 U-101 dynamicfvmesh edgemesh fvmotionsolvers ODE meshtools surfmesh trisurface topochangefvmesh Foredge-based OpenFOAM surface-based coalcombustion dieselspray distributionmodels dsmc lagrangian lagrangianintermediate potential molecule molecularmeasurements solidparticle conversion decompositionmethods engine fileformats genericfvpatchfield MGridGenGAMGAgglomeration pairpatchagglomeration OSspecific randomprocesses distributed reconstruct scotchdecomp ptscotchdecomp MGridGen Scotch PTScotch 3.7 basicthermophysicalmodels hpsithermo h ψ hspsithermo h s ψ epsithermo e ψ hrhothermo h hsrhothermo h s puremixture reactionthermophysicalmodels hpsimixturethermo h ψ hspsimixturethermo h s ψ hrhomixturethermo h ρ

102 U hsrhomixturethermo hhumixturethermo homogeneousmixture inhomogeneousmixture veryinhomogeneousmixture dieselmixture basicmulticomponentmixture multicomponentmixture reactingmixture egrmixture radiationmodels P1 fvdom viewfactor h s ρ b b f t b f t f u f t f u P1 laminarflamespeedmodels constlaminarflamespeed GuldersLaminarFlameSpeed Gulder GuldersEGRLaminarFlameSpeed Gulder barotropiccompressibilitymodels linear Chung Chung Wallis Wallis specie icopolynomial perfectgas econstthermo hconstthermo hpolynomialthermo janafthermo speciethermo consttransport polynomialtransport sutherlandtransport e s c p h s c p h s c p h s JANAF c p c p h / s / thermophysicalfunctions NSRDSfunctions (NSRDS) - (AICHE) APIfunctions (API) chemistrymodel chemistrymodel chemistrysolver liquidproperties liquidmixtureproperties basicsolidthermo solid SLGThermo solidproperties solidmixtureproperties

103 3.7 U-103 thermalporouszone 3.8 incompressiblerasmodels laminar kepsilon Re k ε komega Re k ω komegasst k ω SST RNGkEpsilon RNG k ε NonlinearKEShih Shih k ε LienCubicKE Lien cubic k ε qzeta q ζ LaunderSharmaKE Launder Sharma Re k ε LamBremhorstKE Lam Bremhorst Re k ε LienCubicKELowRe Lien cubic Re k ε LienLeschzinerLowRe Lien Leschziner Re k ε LRR Launder Reece Rodi RSTM LaunderGibsonRSTM Launder Gibson RSTM realizableke Realizable k ε SpalartAllmaras Spalart Allmaras 1 RAS compressiblerasmodels laminar kepsilon k ε komegasst k ω SST RNGkEpsilon RNG k ε LaunderSharmaKE Launder Sharma Re k ε LRR Launder Reece Rodi RSTM LaunderGibsonRSTM Launder Gibson RSTM realizableke Realizable k ε SpalartAllmaras Spalart Allmaras 1 Large-eddy (LES) LESfilters laplacefilter simplefilter anisotropicfilter Large-eddy LESdeltas PrandtlDelta cuberootvoldelta maxdeltaxyz x y z 6 smoothdelta LES incompressiblelesmodels Smagorinsky Smagorinsky Smagorinsky2 3 Smagorinsky dynsmagorinsky homogenousdynsmagorinsky dynlagrangian 2 scalesimilarity mixedsmagorinsky dynmixedsmagorinsky komegasstsas k ω SST (SAS) oneeqeddy k

104 U dynoneeqeddy locdynoneeqeddy specteddyvisc LRDDiffStress DeardorffDiffStress SpalartAllmaras SpalartAllmarasDDES SpalartAllmarasIDDES k k LRR Deardorff Spalart-Allmaras Spalart-Allmaras (DDES) Spalart-Allmaras DDES LES compressiblelesmodels Smagorinsky Smagorinsky oneeqeddy k dynoneeqeddy k lowreoneeqeddy Re k DeardorffDiffStress Deardorff SpalartAllmaras Spalart Allmaras LES incompressibletransportmodels Newtonian CrossPowerLaw Cross Power BirdCarreau Bird Carreau HerschelBulkley Herschel Bulkley powerlaw interfaceproperties interfaceproperties twophaseinterfaceproperties 2 surfacefilmmodels 3.10

105 4 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM ( cavity ) 2 $HOME/OpenFOAM/${USER} run $FOAM_RUN $HOME/OpenFOAM/${USER}-2.1.1/run run OpenFOAM $FOAM_TUTORIALS tut 4.1 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 4.1 constant polymesh ( transportproperties) system / controldict fvschemes fvsolution OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 4.3

106 U OpenFOAM <case> system controldict fvschemes fvsolution constant... Properties polymesh points cells faces boundary 時刻ディレクトリ t = e+00 cavity U p O/U O/p 4.2 OpenFOAM (I/O) OpenFOAM I/O OpenFOAM C++ // OpenFOAM /* */

107 4.2 U OpenFOAM I/O <keyword> <dataentry1>... <dataentryn>; <keyword> <dataentry>; OpenFOAM 1 { } <dictionaryname> {... keyword entries... } OpenFOAM 4.1 FoamFile version 2.0 format ascii / binary location... class OpenFOAM dictionary volvectorfield object controldict 4.1 OpenFOAM C++ OpenFOAM fvsolution PISO

108 U OpenFOAM p U PISO solvers 19 { 20 p 21 { 22 solver PCG; 23 preconditioner DIC; 24 tolerance 1e-06; 25 reltol 0; 26 } U 29 { 30 solver PBiCG; 31 preconditioner DILU; 32 tolerance 1e-05; 33 reltol 0; 34 } 35 } PISO 38 { 39 ncorrectors 2; 40 nnonorthogonalcorrectors 0; 41 prefcell 0; 42 prefvalue 0; 43 } // ************************************************************************* // OpenFOAM I/O ( ) simple <listname> (... entries... ); numbered <n> token identifier <listname> <n> (... entries... ); <Type> <Type>

109 4.2 U-109 <listname> List<scalar> <n> // optional (... entries... ); <scalar> <scalar> vector 1 3 VectorSpace 3 (1.0, 1.1, 1.2) ( ) OpenFOAM 2 3 VectorSpace ( ) OpenFOAM ( ) (kg) (m 3 ) (kg m 1 s 2 ) OpenFOAM dimensionset [ ] 4.2

110 U OpenFOAM No. SI USCS 1 (kg) (lbm) 2 (m) (ft) 3 (s) 4 (K) ( R) 5 (mol) (lbmol) 6 (A) 7 (cd) 4.2 SI USCS (SI) the United States Customary System (USCS) OpenFOAM OpenFOAM R OpenFOAM ($WM_PROJECT_DIR/etc/controlDict) controldict DimensionedConstant SI USCS dimensionedscalar nu nu [ ] 1; nu 2 nu word dimensionset OpenFOAM 4.3 OpenFOAM dimensions [ ] internalfield uniform (1 0 0) boundaryfield dimentions referencelevel 0 internalfield kgmol SI mol

111 4.2 U-111 internalfield uniform <entry>; internalfield nonuniform <List>; boundaryfield polymesh boundary type OpenFOAM U 17 dimensions [ ]; internalfield uniform (0 0 0); boundaryfield 22 { 23 movingwall 24 { 25 type fixedvalue; 26 value uniform (1 0 0); 27 } fixedwalls 30 { 31 type fixedvalue; 32 value uniform (0 0 0); 33 } frontandback 36 { 37 type empty; 38 } 39 } // ************************************************************************* // OpenFOAM # $ OpenFOAM 4 #include "<filename>" #includeifpresent "<filename>" <filename>

112 U OpenFOAM #inputmode merge overwrite merge #remove <keywordentry> #codestream C #include #inputmode initialconditions pressure 1e+05; #inputmode merge p #include "initialconditions" internalfield uniform $pressure; boundaryfield { patch1 { type fixedvalue; value $internalfield; } } RSA RSAProperties include #codestream #codestream C++ code: OStream& os dictionary& dict

113 4.3 U-113 codeinclude : OpenFOAM C++ #include codeoptions : Make/options EXE_INC codelibs : Make/options LIB_LIBS #{...#} #codestream controldict starttime 0; endtime 100;... writeinterval #codestream { }; code #{ scalar start = readscalar(dict.lookup("starttime")); scalar end = readscalar(dict.lookup("endtime")); label ndumps = 5; os << ((end - start)/ndumps); #}; 4.3 OpenFOAM controldict controldict 4.4 writeinterval 4.4 startfrom - firsttime - starttime starttime - latesttime starttime startfrom starttime stopat - endtime endtime - writenow - nowritenow - nextwrite writecontrol endtime stopat endtime deltat

114 U OpenFOAM writecontrol - timestep writeinterval - runtime writeinterval - adjustableruntime writeinterval writeinterval - cputime CPU writeinterval - clocktime writeinterval writeinterval writecontrol purgewrite t 0 = 5 s t = 1 s purgewrite 2; s 6 9 s 7 purgewrite 0; purgewrite 1; writeformat - ascii ASCII writeprecision - binary writeprecision writeformat 6. writecompression - uncompressed - compressed gzip timeformat - fixed ±m.dddddd d timeprecision - scientific ±m.dddddde±xx d timeprecision - general 4 timeprecision scientific timeprecision timeformat 6 graphformat - raw ASCII - gnuplot gnuplot - xmgr Grace/xmgr - jplot jplot runtimemodifiable controldict yes /no OpenFOAM Run-time loadable functionality libs ($LD_LIBRARY_PATH ) ("libuser1.so" "libuser2.so") functions probes $FOAM_TUTORIALS 4.4 controldict controldict application icofoam; startfrom starttime; starttime 0; 23

115 4.4 U stopat endtime; endtime 0.5; deltat 0.005; writecontrol timestep; writeinterval 20; purgewrite 0; writeformat ascii; writeprecision 6; writecompression off; timeformat general; timeprecision 6; runtimemodifiable true; // ************************************************************************* // 4.4 system fvschemes fvschemes fvschemes OpenFOAM OpenFOAM fvschemes gradschemes grad(p) fvschemes ddtschemes 19 { 20 default Euler; 21 } 22

116 U OpenFOAM interpolationschemes 2 sngradschemes gradschemes divschemes laplacianschemes 2 timescheme 1 2 / t 2 / 2 t fluxrequired gradschemes 24 { 25 default Gauss linear; 26 grad(p) Gauss linear; 27 } divschemes 30 { 31 default none; 32 div(phi,u) Gauss linear; 33 } 34 fvschemes 35 laplacianschemes 36 { 37 default none; 38 laplacian(nu,u) Gauss linear corrected; 39 laplacian((1 A(U)),p) Gauss linear corrected; 40 } interpolationschemes 43 { 44 default linear; 45 interpolate(hbya) linear; 46 } sngradschemes 49 { 50 default corrected; 51 } fluxrequired 54 { 55 default no; 56 p; 57 } // ************************************************************************* // fvschemes...schemes default p grad(p) fluxrequired p default...schemes gradschemes default p U

117 4.4 U-117 default default grad(p) grad(u) default none default default default none none interpolationschemes OpenFOAM interpolationschemes UMIST OpenFOAM 4.6 linear default default linear; OpenFOAM phi surfacescalarfield general convection normalised variable (NV) total variation diminishing (TVD) blended general convection TVD phi upwind default default upwind phi; TVD/NVD 0 ψ 1 ψ ψ = 1 TVD ψ = 0

118 U OpenFOAM ψ = 1 phi ψ = 1.0 limitedlinear default default limitedlinear 1.0 phi; limited vanleer 2 3 default limitedvanleer ; vanleer 0 1 default vanleer01; limitedlinear vanleer Gamma limitedcubic MUSCL SuperBee V limitedlinear limitedlinearv V limitedlinearv vanleerv GammaV limitedcubicv SFCDV sngradschemes 4.7 limited 0 ψ 1 ψ 0 uncorrected, , ψ = (4.1) 0.5, 1.0 corrected.

119 4.4 U-119 linear cubiccorrection midpoint upwind linearupwind skewlinear filteredlinear2 TVD limitedlinear vanleer MUSCL limitedcubic NVD SFCD Gamma ψ van Leer MUSCL 4.6 ψ = 0.5 limited default default limited 0.5; corrected uncorrected limited ψ bounded fourth gradschemes 4.8 Gauss <interpolationscheme> 1 leastsquares 2 fourth 4 celllimited <gradscheme> facelimited <gradscheme> 4.8 gradschemes leastsquares fourth

120 U OpenFOAM grad(p) leastsqueares; Gauss Gauss 4.6 linear grad(p) Gauss linear; (Gauss leastsquares fourth) celllimited ( facelimited) grad(p) celllimited Gauss linear 1; laplacianschemes (ρ U) laplacian(nu, U) word Gauss ν U Gauss <interpolationscheme> <sngradscheme> 4.6 linear laplacian(nu, U) Gauss linear corrected; 4.9 corrected 2 uncorrected 1 limited ψ bounded fourth laplacianschemes divschemes

121 4.4 U-121 (ρuu) OpenFOAM div(phi, U) phi ϕ = ρu Gauss U Gauss <interpolationscheme> div(phi, U) phi div(phi, U) Gauss upwind; linear 2 skewlinear 2 ( ) cubiccorrected 4 upwind 1 linearupwind 1 /2 QUICK 1 /2 TVD schemes 1 /2 SFCD 2 NVD schemes 1 / divschemes ( / t) ddtschemes 4.11 CrankNicholson Eular ψ ψ = 1 CrankNicholson ψ = 0 Eular CrankNicholson Euler 1 localeuler 1 CrankNicholson ψ 2 backward 2 steadystate 4.11 ddtschemes

122 U OpenFOAM icofoam steadystate simplefoam 2 ( 2 / t 2 ) d2dt2schemes d2dt2schemes Euler fluxrequired fluxrequired word p fluxrequired { p; } 4.5 system fvsolution icofoam fvsolution solvers 19 { 20 p 21 { 22 solver PCG; 23 preconditioner DIC; 24 tolerance 1e-06; 25 reltol 0; 26 } U 29 { 30 solver PBiCG; 31 preconditioner DILU; 32 tolerance 1e-05; 33 reltol 0; 34 } 35 } PISO 38 { 39 ncorrectors 2; 40 nnonorthogonalcorrectors 0; 41 prefcell 0; 42 prefvalue 0; 43 } // ************************************************************************* // fvsolution fvsolution

123 4.5 U-123 solvers relaxationfactors PISO SIMPLE solvers solvers word icofoam U p U p 4.12 OpenFOAM solver tolerance reltol preconditioner PCG/PBiCG smoothsolver GAMG diagonal PCG PBiCG 4.12 OpenFOAM --> FOAM FATAL IO ERROR : Unknown asymmetric matrix solver PCG Valid asymmetric matrix solvers are : ( PBiCG smoothsolver GAMG )

124 U OpenFOAM tolerance; reltol; maxiter; 0 tolerance reltol maxiter preconditioner 4.13 ( ) DIC ( DIC) FDIC LU ( ) DILU diagonal GAMG none GaussSeidel DIC GaussSeidel DICGaussSeidel GaussSeidel DIC DICGaussSeidel 4.14 nsweeps (GAMG)

125 4.5 U-125 GAMG GAMG ncoarsestcells agglomerator faceareapair MGridGen MGridGen geometricgamgagglomerationlibs ("libmgridgengamgagglomeration.so"); OpenCFD MGridGen faceareapair cacheagglomeration smoother npresweeps npostsweeps nfinestsweeps npresweepsh npostsweeps nfinestsweeps mergelevels 1 mergelevels 1 mergelevels OpenFOAM fvsolution 2 relaxationfactors α (0 < α 1) 0 α = 1 α 0 α = 0 α 0.9 α 0.2 word simplefoam solvers 19 { 20 p 21 { 22 solver PCG; 23 preconditioner DIC; 24 tolerance 1e-06; 25 reltol 0.01;

126 U OpenFOAM 26 } U 29 { 30 solver PBiCG; 31 preconditioner DILU; 32 tolerance 1e-05; 33 reltol 0.1; 34 } k 37 { 38 solver PBiCG; 39 preconditioner DILU; 40 tolerance 1e-05; 41 reltol 0.1; 42 } epsilon 45 { 46 solver PBiCG; 47 preconditioner DILU; 48 tolerance 1e-05; 49 reltol 0.1; 50 } R 53 { 54 solver PBiCG; 55 preconditioner DILU; 56 tolerance 1e-05; 57 reltol 0.1; 58 } nutilda 61 { 62 solver PBiCG; 63 preconditioner DILU; 64 tolerance 1e-05; 65 reltol 0.1; 66 } 67 } SIMPLE 70 { 71 nnonorthogonalcorrectors 0; residualcontrol 74 { 75 p 1e-2; 76 U 1e-3; 77 "(k epsilon omega)" 1e-3; 78 } 79 } relaxationfactors 82 { 83 fields 84 { 85 p 0.3; 86 } 87 equations 88 { 89 U 0.7; 90 k 0.7; 91 epsilon 0.7; 92 R 0.7; 93 nutilda 0.7; 94 } 95 } 96

127 4.5 U // ************************************************************************* // PISO SIMPLE OpenFOAM pressure-implicit split-operator (PISO) semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) PISO SIMPLE SIMPLE 1 PISO 1 4 U-122 ncorrectors PISO OpenFOAM SIM- PLE PISO 6 U-122 nnonorthogonalcorrectors prefvalue p prefcell p_rgh p_rghrefvalue p_rghrefcell PISO/SIMPLE OpenFOAM fvsolutions fvsolution

128

129 5 OpenFOAM 5.1 OpenFOAM 5.3 blockmesh 5.4 snappyhexmesh 5.5 OpenFOAM 5.1 OpenFOAM C++ OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 3 OpenFOAM polymesh OpenFOAM cellshape

130 U OpenFOAM polymesh cellshape OpenFOAM (m) S f

131 5.1 U polymesh constant polymesh polymesh polymesh 1 points 0 1 faces 0 owner 0 1 neighbour boundary

132 U movingwall { type patch; nfaces 20; startface 760; } startface nfaces owner FoamFile ncells cellshape OpenFOAM cellshape 3 OpenFOAM polymesh OpenFOAM cellshape OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 8 ( ) (0 0 0) (1 0 0) (1 1 0) (0 1 0) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (hex 8( )) hex

133 5.2 U OpenFOAM 3 OpenFOAM empty wedge wedge OpenFOAM Base type Primitive type Derived type Primitive type constant/polymesh boundary type type sonicfoam boundary p ( 20 inlet 21 {

134 第 5 章 メッシュの生成と変換 U-134 セルタイプ キーワード 点の番号付け hex prism pyr 3 1 tet tetwedge 表 5.1 cellshapes における頂点 面 辺の番号付け くさび状四面体 四面体 四角錐 三角柱 wedge くさび形 辺の番号付け 六面体 面の番号付け

135 5.2 U-135 Base type Primitive type patch wall fixedvalue fixedgradient zerogradient mixed directionmixed calculated symmetry empty wedge cyclic processor Derived type e.g. inletoutlet type patch; 23 nfaces 50; 24 startface 10325; 25 } 26 outlet 27 { 28 type patch; 29 nfaces 40; 30 startface 10375; 31 } 32 bottom 33 { 34 type symmetryplane; 35 nfaces 25; 36 startface 10415; 37 } 38 top 39 { 40 type symmetryplane; 41 nfaces 125; 42 startface 10440; 43 } 44 obstacle 45 { 46 type patch; 47 nfaces 110; 48 startface 10565; 49 } 50 defaultfaces 51 { 52 type empty; 53 nfaces 10500; 54 startface 10675; 55 } 56 ) // ************************************************************************* // 17 dimensions [ ]; internalfield uniform 1; 20

136 U boundaryfield 22 { 23 inlet 24 { 25 type fixedvalue; 26 value uniform 1; 27 } outlet 30 { 31 type wavetransmissive; 32 field p; 33 phi phi; 34 rho rho; 35 psi psi; 36 gamma 1.4; 37 fieldinf 1; 38 linf 3; 39 value uniform 1; 40 } bottom 43 { 44 type 45 } symmetryplane; top 48 { } type symmetryplane; obstacle 53 { 54 type zerogradient; 55 } defaultfaces 58 { 59 type empty; 60 } 61 } // ************************************************************************* // boundary type symmetryplane empty patch p inlet bottom outlet patch symmetryplane empty patch (wall ) wall wall

137 5.2 U-137 wedge パッチ 2 < 5 対称軸 wedge パッチ 1 symmetryplane empty wedge cyclic processor 座表面に沿ったくさび形にする 5.3 patch symmetryplane empty wedge cyclic wall processor wedge OpenFOAM empty ( < 5 ) wedge blockmesh cyclic boundary neighbourpatch boundary matchtolerance processor

138 U ϕ Data to specify fixedvalue ϕ value fixedgradient ϕ gradient zerogradient ϕ 0 calculated ϕ mixed directionmixed fixedvalue fixedgradient valuefraction valuefraction mixed refvalue refgradient valuefraction value refvalue refgradient valuefraction value OpenFOAM 5.4 OpenFOAM $FOAM SRC/finiteVolume/fields/fvPatchFields/derived find $FOAM_SRC -name "*derivedfvpatch*" find $FOAM_SOLVERS -name "*fvpatch*" 5.3 blockmesh OpenFOAM blockmesh blockmesh constant/polymesh blockmeshdict blockmesh points faces cells boundary

139 5.3 blockmesh U-139 fixedvalue movingwallvelocity 0 value pressureinletvelocity p U value pressuredirectedinletvelocity p U inletdirection value surfacenormalfixedvalue +ve inletdirection value totalpressure p0 = p ρ U 2 U p p0 turbulentinlet referencefield, fluctuationscale fixedgradient/zerogradient fluxcorrectedvelocity U value wallbuoyantpressure fixedgradient mixed inletoutlet U fixedvalue zerogradient U p inletvalue value outletinlet U fixedvalue zerogradient U p outletvalue value pressureinletoutletvelocity pressureinletvelocity inletoutlet value pressuredirectedinletoutletvelocity pressuredirectedinletvelocity inletoutlet value inletdirection pressuretransmissive p pinf supersonicfreestream p T U pinf TInf UInf slip ϕ zerogradient ϕ fixedvalue 0 zerogradient partialslip zerogradient/slip valuefraction slip 0 valuefraction Note: p, U 5.4

140 U blockmesh 3 blockmesh OpenFOAM C blockmesh (x 1, x 2, x 3 ) Oz Ox Oy 0 x x x 3 = x x x x 2 5 x

141 5.3 blockmesh U-141 converttometers mm vertices (0 0 0) edges arc spline arc 1 4 ( ) block hex ( ) ( ) simplegrading ( ) patches symmetryplane base ( ( ) ) mergepatchpairs blockmeshdict blockmeshdict blockmeshdict 5.5 converttometers converttometers 0.001; blockmeshdict mm vertices 5.4 vertices ( ( ) // vertex number 0 ( ) // vertex number 1 ( ) // vertex number 2 ( ) // vertex number 3 ( ) // vertex number 4 ( ) // vertex number 5 ( ) // vertex number 6 ( ) // vertex number 7 ); edges 5.6 arc simplespline polyline polyspline line

142 U arc 1 simplespline polyline polyspline line 5.6 blockmeshdict line 5.5 (1.1, 0.0, 0.5) 1 5 arc edges ( arc 1 5 ( ) ); blocks 5.3 blocks ( hex ( ) // vertex numbers ( ) // numbers of cells in each direction simplegrading (1 2 3) // cell expansion ratios ); Vertex numbering OpenFOAM-2.0.0/cellModels hex U-140 Number of cells Cell expansion ratios 2 x 1 x 2 x 3 3 δ e 5.5 δ s blockmesh simplegrading x 1 x 2 x 3 edgegrading simplegrading (1 2 3) 5.4

143 5.3 blockmesh U-143 edgegrading ( ) simplegrading δ s 拡大率 = δ e δ s δ e 拡大方向 boundary inlet type: patch faces: inlet blockmesh boundary defaultfaces empty 2 empty boundary // keyword ( inlet // patch name { type patch; // patch type for patch 0 faces ( ( ) // block face in this patch ); } // end of 0th patch definition outlet // patch name { type patch; // patch type for patch 1 faces ( ( ) ); }

144 U ); walls { type wall; faces ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ); } blockmesh cyclic neighbourpatch left { type neighbourpatch } right { } cyclic; right; faces (( )); type cyclic; neighbourpatch left; faces (( )); face matching face merging face matching 2 patches blockmesh 2 face marging patches mergepatchpairs mergepatchpairs

145 5.3 blockmesh U-145 mergepatchpairs ( ( <masterpatch> <slavepatch> ) // merge patch pair 0 ( <masterpatch> <slavepatch> ) // merge patch pair 1... ) 2 blockmesh 5.6 パッチ 1 パッチ 2 内部の接続面の領域外部の境界面の領域 mergepatchpairs

146 U wedge hex ( ) ( ) ( ) polymesh boundary blockmeshdict empty empty blockmesh 3.3 <case> blockmesh blockmesh -case <case> blockmeshdict constant/polymesh

147 5.4 snappyhexmesh U snappyhexmesh OpenFOAM snappyhexmesh snappy- HexMesh STL 3 snappyhexmesh STL 表面形状 5.8 snappyhexmesh snappyhexmesh 5.8 snappyhexmesh Stereolithography (STL) snappyhexmesh 3 2 snappyhexmesh 2 ASCII STL constant/trisurface blockmesh system snappyhexmeshdict snappyhexmeshdict 5.7 snappyhexmesh snappyhexmeshdict geometory STL OpenFOAM

148 U castellatedmesh true snap true dolayers true mergetolerance 1e-06 debug 0 1 celllevel volscalarfield 2.obj 4 geometry castellatedmeshcontrols snapcontrols addlayerscontrols meshqualitycontrols 5.7 snappyhexmeshdict STL OpenFOAM geometry { sphere.stl // STL filename { type trisurfacemesh; regions { secondsolid // Named region in the STL file { name mysecondpatch; // User-defined patch name } // otherwise given sphere.stl_secondsolid } } }; box1x1x1 // User defined region name { type searchablebox; // region defined by bounding box min ( ); max ( ); } sphere2 // User defined region name { type searchablesphere; // region defined by bounding sphere centre ( ); radius 1.03; } snappyhexmesh blockmesh 5.9

149 5.4 snappyhexmesh U STL 5.9 snappyhexmesh snappyhexmeshdict castellatedmeshcontrols castellatedmeshcontrols 5.8 locationinmesh (5 0 0) maxlocalcells 1e+06 maxglobalcells (i.e. ) 2e+06 minrefinementcells 0 ncellsbetweenlevels 1 resolvefeatureangle 30 features refinementsurfaces refinementregions 5.8 snappyhexmeshdict castellatedmeshcontrols 5.10 castellatedmeshcontrols features edgemesh level features ( { file "features.emesh"; // file containing edge mesh level 2; // level of refinement }

150 U snappyhexmesh ); edgemesh surfacefeatureextract STL surfacefeatureextract -includeangle 150 surface.stl features 5.11 snappyhexmesh 5.11 castellatedmeshcontrols refinementsurface STL (<min> <max>) resolvefeatureangle STL regions

151 5.4 snappyhexmesh U-151 refinementsurfaces { sphere.stl { level (2 2); // default (min max) refinement for whole surface regions { secondsolid { level (3 3); // optional refinement for secondsolid region } } } } castellatedmesh- Controls locationinmesh 50 % snappyhexmesh castellatedmeshcontrols refinementregions geometry mode inside outside distance

152 U refinementregions levels (< > < >) inside outside <distance> refinementregions { box1x1x1 { mode inside; levels ((1.0 4)); } } // refinement level 4 (1.0 entry ignored) sphere.stl { // refinement level 5 within 1.0 m mode distance; // refinement level 3 within 2.0 m levels ((1.0 5) (2.0 3)); // levels must be ordered nearest first } 5.13 snappyhexmesh STL (1) snappyhexmeshdict snapcontrols 5.14

153 5.4 snappyhexmesh U-153 nsmoothpatch 3 tolerance 4.0 nsolveiter 30 nrelaxiter snapcontrols 5.14 snappyhexmesh snappyhexmesh

154 U snappyhexmeshdict addlayerscontrols 5.10 layers relativesizes true/false expansionratio 1.0 finallayerratio relativesizes 0.3 minthickness 0.25 ngrow 1 featureangle 60 nrelaxiter 5 nsmoothsurfacenormals 1 nsmoothnormals 3 nsmooththickness 10 maxfacethicknessratio 0.5 maxthicknesstomedialratio 0.3 minmedianaxisangle 130 nbuffercellsnoextrude 0 nlayeriter 50 nrelaxediter meshquality relaxed snappyhexmeshdict addlayerscontrols layers { sphere.stl_firstsolid { nsurfacelayers 1; } maxy { nsurfacelayers 1; } }

155 5.5 U-155 maxnonortho maxboundaryskewness < 0 20 maxinternalskewness < 0 4 maxconcave minflatness minvol 1e-13-1e30 minarea < 0 mintwist < mindeterminant 1 = hex minfaceweight minvolratio mintriangletwist Fluent > 0 nsmoothscale 4 errorreduction relaxed nrelaxediter relaxed {... } snappyhexmeshdict meshqualitycontrols snappyhexmeshdict meshqualitycontrols OpenFOAM 3.6 fluentmeshtofoam Fluent.msh 2 3 startofoam STAR-CD/PROSTAR gambittofoam GAMBIT.neu ideastofoam ANSYS.ans I-DEAS cfx4tofoam.geo CFX fluentmeshtofoam Fluent.msh ASCII Fluent 2 Fluent OpenFOAM 2 3 empty 2

156 U Fluent 3 frontandbackplanes OpenFOAM Fluent OpenFOAM Fluent 2 OpenFOAM Fluent OpenFOAM Fluent.msh OpenFOAM system controldict fluentmeshtofoam <meshfile> <meshfile>.msh startofoam STAR-CD OpenFOAM STAR-CD PROSTAR SAMM ProAM OpenFOAM OpenFOAM 5.1

157 5.5 U-157 STAR-CD OpenFOAM STAR-CD STAR-CD startofoam STAR-CD checkmesh startofoam PROSTAR OpenFOAM OpenFOAM PROSTAR CSET NEWS FLUID CSET INVE CSET CSET PROSTAR CDEL CSET CSET NEWS FLUID VSET NEWS CSET VSET INVE CSET NEWS FLUID VSET NEWS CSET BSET NEWS VSET ALL

158 U BSET INVE BSET BDEL BSET STAR-CD default 0 OpenFOAM default OpenFOAM default 1. Wire Surface 2. default 0 10 PROSTAR RDEF 10 WALL BZON 10 ALL 3. BSET NEWS REGI 1 BSET NEWS REGI , 4,... 2 BSET NEWS REGI 1 VSET NEWS BSET BSET NEWS VSET ALL BSET DELE REGI 1 REPL

159 5.5 U BDEL BSET CSET NEW FLUID CCOM CSET VSET NEWS CSET VSET INVE (Should be empty!) VSET INVE VCOM VSET BSET NEWS VSET ALL BSET INVE (Should be empty also!) BSET INVE BCOM BSET CHECK ALL GEOM PROSTAR PROSTAR STAR-CD 1 OpenFOAM scalepoints CPSET NEWS TYPE INTEGRAL CPMOD CPSET 1 PROSTAR BWRITE bnd 3.0 CWRITE.14.cel VWRITE

160 U vrt ASCII.cpl CPWRITE PROSTAR STAR-CD OpenFOAM PROSTAR OpenFOAM PROSTAR (STAR-CD 3.0 ).pcs.cls.vtx (STAR-CD 3.0 ).bnd.cel.vrt vrt.vrt E E E E E+00 startofoam OpenFOAM foamcorrectvrt E E E+00 startofoam foamcorrectvrt foamcorrectvrt <file>.vrt OpenFOAM OpenFOAM startofoam startofoam <meshfileprefix>

161 5.5 U-161 <meshfileprefix> OpenFOAM boundary gambittofoam GAMBIT.neu GAMBIT.neu OpenFOAM gambittofoam <meshfile> <meshfile>.neu GAMBIT ideastofoam OpenFOAM I-DEAS.ans ANSYS.ans OpenFOAM ideastofoam <meshfile> <meshfile>.ans cfx4tofoam CFX.geo CFX OpenFOAM CFX OpenFOAM CFX 3 CFX OpenFOAM defaultfaces wall CFX OpenFOAM 2 3 CFX 2 empty 2 CFX

162 U CFX.geo OpenFOAM cfx4tofoam <meshfile> <meshfile>.geo 5.6 mapfields mapfields mapfields mapfields controldict startfrom/starttime consistent mapfields mapfields <source dir> -consistent mapfields system mapfieldsdict mapfieldsdict

163 5.6 U-163 mapfieldsdict 5.16 patchmap 2 cuttingpatches mapfieldsdict 一致するターゲットパッチには patchmap を使ってマップできる 内側のターゲットパッチには cuttingpatchesを使ってマップできる ソースフィールド形状ターゲットフィールド形状 patchmap ( lid movingwall ); cuttingpatches ( fixedwalls ); // ************************************************************************* // mapfields <source dir>

164 U mapfields -parallelsource -paralleltarget

165 6 OpenFOAM OpenFOAM ParaView parafoam 6.1 EnSight Fieldview Fluent 6.1 parafoam OpenFOAM ParaView OpenFOAM OpenFOAM ParaView PV3FoamReader vtkpv3foam ( 2.x ParaView PVFoamReader vtkfoam ) ParaView ParaView http: // ParaView Visualization Toolkit (VTK) VTK OpenFOAM foamtovtk VTK VTK OpenFOAM case OpenFOAM ParaView VisIt OpenFoam ParaView OpenFOAM ParaView VTK VTK

166 U parafoam parafoam OpenFOAM ParaView OpenFOAM -case parafoam -case <casedir> ParaView 6.1 Pipeline Browser ParaView Properties Display Information 6.1 parafoam ParaView

167 6.1 parafoam U-167 ParaView Properties GUI Reset Delete Properties Properties 6.2 ParaView Current Time Controls VCR Controls parafoam Apply Apply ParaView Properties Update GUI Display Display Rescale to Data Range Edit Color Map 1. Color Scale CFD Choose Preset Blue to Red Rainbox HSV 2. Color Legend Style Representation Wrireframe

168 U internalmesh 領域やそれぞれのパッチを選択 ケースモジュールに読み込むフィールドを選択 6.2 Wrireframe Color By Solid Color Set Ambient Color Opacity (1 = solid 0 = invisible) ParaView View Toolbars 6.4 Help tooltips parafoam