John Mung telegraph 2005: p push down sounder tune up

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1 anything well

2 John Mung telegraph 2005: p push down sounder tune up

3 Matthew Calbraith Perry 1857 30 Nathaniel Bowditch The New American Practical Navigator 1859 32 1860 1870 1871 44 1898 71 2 1e-f 1a-d (1) a.

3 3 Matthew Calbraith Perry Nathaniel Bowditch The New American Practical Navigator e-f 1a-d (1) a b c d e f (1d) (1f) 1988: p.751 (1d) (2) a. snow b. summer c. sun d. stocking 1965: p snow JR

4 snow snow [s] [-tr-] [-dr-] (3) a. fire b. far c. knife d. life (4) a. tea b. India c. ink (3a-d) far [f] [s] 1 (5) a. contrary b. hundred (5a-b) [t] [d] [r] 4 [r] friction Kenyon 1989: p.162; Gimson & Cruttenden 1994: p.187 [t] [ts] [d] [dz] Gimson 4

5 & Cruttenden 1994: p : pp [t] + [r] + (6a-b) [-dr-] 1991: p.156 (6c) 5 (6) a. train b. truck c. drive [t] [d] (7) a. twenty b. thirteen c. today d. gentleman e. little f. do Ladefoged 1982: p.152; 1977: p.160 Bronstein 1960: p.76[t] [d] 5 Brown 1977: p.23: 1989: p.65 Catford 1988: pp [t] [d] [s] [z] [ts] [dz] affrication Gimson & Cruttenden 1994: p [ts] [dz] Gimson & Cruttenden 1994: p.151; 1977: pp (8) a. time b. important c. some tea d. day (9) a. great or b. does or c. good or aspiration 6 [h]

6 e. [ts] + [u] or [i] much: or church: 6 [b, d, g] [p, t, k] [b, d, g] [p, t, k] 2005 sleep [p] [u] length [g] [u] [u] [i] (10) a. [p] + [u] or [i] sleep: or sleep: b. [k] + [u] or [i] spoke: or weak: c. [k] + [u] or [i] stomach: or headache: d. [g] + [u] or [i] fog: or length: (10a) sleep [u] [i] (11) a. or b. or c. or d. or [-iks-] [-eks-] [k] [s] [i] (12) a. exceeding b. exercise c. six [i] (13a-b) [u] [i] (14a-d) (13) a. ex(tract) b. (14) a. or b. or c. or d. or [i] [i]

7 (15) a. thick b. imagine c. anything d. coming e. happy [u] [u] (16) a. book b. look 1988, pp [b, d, g] [p, t, k] (17) a. grandchildren b. breakfast [t] (18) a. city b. winter [t] t [d] needle middle-night [d] [l] [E] (19) a. America b. tobacco Katayama 1998 [f] [ ] [A] [ú] [h] [s] [a] 2 Quackenbush 1977 [w-]

8 whisky [w] (20) a. well b. watch c. wheel d. wide e. language (21) a. ground b. house (21b) (22) a. stocking b. narrow c. lightening d. earthquake e. breakfast f. grandchildren g. flying fish [f] [ ] [t] [a] [ta] [t] [i] [ti] tissue [t] (23) a. [t] b. [ts] c. [ts] d. [tj] (23a) (23b) (23c) (23d) 8 (23d) [tja] 4 almighty Truman Harry S. Truman 2 (24) a. [t] b. [t]

9 c. [ts] (25) a. [t] b. [ts] c. [t] (27) a. [d] b. [d] c. [dz] (24a-c) (24c) (25a-c) (25b) [t] [ts] [ts] (25a) (25c) contrary twenty (25b) (25c) [d] (26) a. [d] b. [dz] c. [dz] d. [dj] (26a) (26b) (26d) [dz] + [z] + director drink (28) a. [d] b. [dz] c. [d] (27c) [d] [dz] (27b) [d] [dz] (27a) (28c) hundred do (28b) anything (coming)

1728 1779 29a-c 1987 1754 1810 1787 30a-d 1972 c. microscopiummicroscope d.

10 a-c a-d 1972 c. microscopiummicroscope d. waterharnasdiving suit (29c) a-b (29) a. slangesteenreptile mineral b. thermometerthermometer c. electri (citeit)electricity (30) a. striusvogelostrich b. kunstfonteinartistic fountain 7

11 (32a) (32b-d) (31) a. b. (32) a. b. c. d. (32b) (32c) (32d) Stanlaw [f] : p [t] [d] [ts] [dz] [t] [d] 1989: p.66 [s] [S] 2005: p.170 summer Bronstein, Arthur J The Pronunciation of American English. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc. Brown, Gillian Listening to Spoken English. London: Longman. Catford, John Cunnison A Practical Introduction to Phonetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gimson, Alfred Charles and Alan Cruttenden Gimson s Pronunciation of English. 5th Edition; London: Edward Arnold.

12 Katayama, Motoko Optimality Theory and Japanese Loanword Phonology. Santa Cruz: SLUG Pubs Kenyon, John Samuel American Pronunciation. 11th Edition; Michigan: George Wahr Publishing Company No.067 Ladefoged, Peter A Course in Phonetics. 2nd Edition; San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Quackenbush, Hiroko C English Loanwords in Japanese: Why are they Difficult for English-Speaking Students? Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese. Tokyo: The Asscociation of Teachers of Japanese, Vol.12, No.2-3, Stanlaw, James Japanese English: Language and Culture Contact. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press

13 A Study of the English pronunciation of John Manjiro ( ): What was it like and was it influenced by the local dialect of his Japanese hometown, Tosashimizu of Kochi Prefecture? MasaNobu HoriGuchi This paper examines John Manjiro s English pronunciation based on books he wrote by himself as well as on his oral reports which were written down by other transcribers. In 1841, at the age of 14, John Manjiro (John Mung or Manjiro Nakayama; ), left the local port by boat one day to go fishing. He suffered a shipwreck and was stranded on an island in the Pacific Ocean. An American captain rescued him and took him to FairHaven, Massachusetts, where he attended school for several years. About ten years later, in 1851, Manjiro returned to Japan and eventually became the interpreter for the Shogunate contributing greatly to the modernization and opening up of Japan. Many people have argued that, because Manjiro was born in Kochi prefecture far from Tokyo, he must have spoken strange English with a local accent. I, on the other hand, have shown in many cases his transcriptions have traced English pronunication more precisely than those of modern-day Japanese people. I have also tried to clarify the main reason why modern Japanese people intuitively think of his English as unorthordox and, therefore, accented. With respect to the criteria that Japanese people today judge foreign words to be orthodox or not, I propose that we need to fix two standards of whether the Japanese transcription of the English seems modern or old-fashioned and whether this transcription seems normative or not. I propose that even if a transcribing system traces English sounds and phonological structures very precisely, like in the case of Manjiro, it cannot be orthodox unless it is considered both modern and normative.

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Speedy & Simple Kenji, Yoshio, and Goro are good at English. They have their ways of learning. Kenji often listens to English songs and tries to remember all the words. Yoshio reads one English book every