(motivation) Robbins(1997) Vroom(1964) 1988 (stimulus)(response) (content theory) process theory) McClelland (cognition)(emotion) (need) Freud Hull Mu

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "(motivation) Robbins(1997) Vroom(1964) 1988 (stimulus)(response) (content theory) process theory) McClelland (cognition)(emotion) (need) Freud Hull Mu"

えいじろうあさぶき
5 years ago
Views:

1 McClelland A Theoretical Approach to Motive Concept in Motivation Study From the Viewpoint of McClelland's Theory Motoki MIZUNO Yujiro KAWATA Rei IIDA Masaki YAMAMOTO Shinji HIGASHI Tomoko UENO Yasuyuki YAMADA Miyuki SUGIURA Sumio TANAKA Abstract The psychology of motivation is a broad and loosely defined field. Furthermore, motivation is a basic psychological process. Few would deny that it is the most important focus of the micro organizational behavior. Traditionally, psychologists have not totally agreed on how to classify the various human motives, but they acknowledge that some motives are unlearned physiologically based. For that reason, it is difficult to comprehend a framework of motive concepts which can predict human behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the motive concept suggested by McClelland(1987), who is most closely associated with the study of achievement motive. Specifically, first we summarized up the measurement and concepts of motive, such as "measures of human motive dispositions", "achievement motive", "power needs", "affiliative motive" and "avoidance motive". In addition, we critically reviewed and discussed them in terms of the definitions of concepts. In conclusion, although we could grasp the implications of each motive concept, there were some ambiguities regarding McClelland's motive concepts. Thus, more elaborate conceptual regulation and detailed explanation of the connections to the concepts seem necessary in order to clarify the notion of motive concepts, because there are a number of motives which lie in a gray area from the viewpoint of human motivation described by McClelland. 51

2 (motivation) Robbins(1997) Vroom(1964) 1988 (stimulus)(response) (content theory) process theory) McClelland (cognition)(emotion) (need) Freud Hull Murray Maslow (need theory) Maslow Murray Maslow Murray (achievement motive) McClelland Atkinson Feather Litwin=Stringer McClelland McClelland 1987 Human Motivation

3 motive dispositions McClelland demands incentives motive dispositions achievement motivation power motiveaffiliation motive avoidance motive aroused motivation McClelland TAT Freud Murray sensitivity uniqueness reliability validity-utility 53

4 McClelland McClelland TAT McClelland incentive drive incentive McClelland McClelland McClelland McClelland McClelland 54

5 McClelland McClelland Atkinson 50% Litwin 30~4050%

6 Atkinson Mahone 80% McClelland Lasker McClelland McClelland McClelland Atkinson 56

7 Atkinson McClelland Veroff Uleman Winter Winter Atkinson 57

8 2 2 Winter A McClelland McClelland McClelland 58

9 McAdams intimacy motive McAdams=Powers 0.32 % S IgA S IgA McClelland McClelland McClelland 59

10 Atkinson 60

11 McClelland Murray (achievement motivation theory) McClelland 1987Human Motivation 2005 Atkinson, J. W. Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 1957, 64, Atkinson, J. W., & Litwin, G. H. Achievement motive and test anxiety conceived as motive to approach success and motive to avoid failure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960, 60, Atkinson, J. W., & Raphelson, A. C. Individual differences in motivation and behavior in particular situations.journal of Personality, 1956, 24, Lasker, H.M. Ego development and motivation: A crosscultural cognitive-developmental analysis of Achievement. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Sociology, Mahone, C. H. Fear of failure and unrealistic vocational aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960, 60, McAdams, D. P., & Powers, J. Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1981, 40, Murray, H. A. Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press, Robbins, Stephen P., Essentials of Organizational Behavior 5th Edition, Prentice-Hall, a Shipley, T. E., Jr., & Veroff, J. A projective measure of need for affiliation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1952, 43, Uleman, J. S. The need for influence: Development and validation of a measure, in comparison with a need for power. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1972, 85, Veroff, J. Development and validation of a projective measure of power motivation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1957, 54, Winter, D. G. Power motivation in thought and action. Unpushlished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Winter, D. G. The power motive. New York: Free Press,

202

202 201 Presenteeism 202 203 204 Table 1. Name Elements of Work Productivity Targeted Populations Measurement items of Presenteeism (Number of Items) Reliability Validity α α 205 α ä 206 Table 2. Factors of