国際学研究 2‐1☆/目次(2‐1)

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2 Economic Development and Structural Changes : A Look through Productivity and Wages Akira Kohsaka Abstract : This paper examines the dynamisms of structural changes in the process of economic development by looking in a consistent way through productivity and wages. Drawing on some recent findings, we observe, first, that inter-country wage differentials reflect their productivity counterparts ; second, that macroeconomic productivity growth reflects common fundamental changes in industrial structure and industrial productivity growths ; and, third, that inter-skill wage differentials reflect common fundamental changes in employment structure induced by technological innovation. We argue that these irreversible structural changes will determine the future course of economic development GDP Great Moderation

3 Vol.2 No.1 Ashenfelter, 2012 Acemoglu and Autor, 2012 GDP Easterlin,

4 marginal productivity marginal 1 2 GNP GDP GDP GDP HDI Easterlin, 2000

5 Vol.2 No.1 GDP GDP GDP Krugman, Obstfeld and Melitz

6 TFP living standards Ashenfelter 2012Table 1 Cobb-Douglas 1 yi Ai Ki/Yi α 1 α hi i yi Ki/Yi hi Ai TFP α TFP2 3 3 TFP Ashenfelter 2012Table 2.

7 3 5 Ashenfelter Ashenfelter Vol.2 No.1 BMPH TFP GDP TFP TFP 6 3 BMPH2007 BMPH Ashenfelter 2012Table 3 Ai Ki/Yi α 1 α hi hi h0 wi/w0ai Ki/Yi α 1 α /A0 K0/Y0 α 1 α TFP TFP

8 McMillan and Rodrik, Baumol, GDP Kohsaka and Shinkai IT TFP GDP

9 Vol.2 No Kohsaka and Shinkai 2012 IT IT Kohsaka and Shinkai,

10 Krugman, Obstfeld and Melitz, Acemoglu and Autor HSD HSG SMC CLC GTC Acemoglu and Autor 2012Figure 3.

11 Vol.2 No.1 4 Acemoglu and Autor 2012Figure 5. polarization occupational polarization U Acemoglu and Autor,

12 19 IT IT 180 IT Robert M. Solow 1987 IT 1990 IT Acemoglu and Jorgenson Autor 2012 Goldin and and Nomura, Katz 2008 The Gordon, 2000 Race between Education and Technology 7 IT Gordon, IT IT IT IT 19 polarization Luddite movement 8 Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz, 2008, The Race between Education and Technology, Belknap Press Jan Tinbergen, 1974, Substitution of Graduate by Other Labour, Kyklos !

13 Vol.2 No Easterlin, 2000 standing on the shoulders of giants 9 Acemoglu, Daron, and David Autor, 2012, What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz s The Race between Education and Technology, Journal of Economic Literature, 50 2, Ashenfelter, Orley C., 2012, Comparing Real Wages, NBER Working Paper, No.18006, April. Baumol, William J., 1967, Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth : The Anatomy of Urban Crisis, American Economic Review, 57 3, Easterlin, Richard A., 2000, The Worldwide Standard of Living Since 1800, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 1, Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz, 2008, The Race between Education and Technology, Belknap Press. Gordon, Robert J., 2000, Does the New Economy Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 4, Gordon, Robert J., 2012, Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds, NBER Working Paper, No.18315, August. Jorgenson, Dale W., and Koji Nomura, 2007, The Industry Origins of the US-Japan Productivity Gap, Economic Systems Research, 19 3, Kohsaka, Akira, and Jun-ichi Shinkai, 2012, It s Not Structural Change, but Domestic Demand : Productivity Growth of Japan, Paper presented at the 13 th International Convention of the East Asian Economic Association, Grand Copthorne Waterfront Hotel, Singapore, October 19 20, Krugman, Paul R., Maurice Obstfeld and Marc J. Melitz, 2012, International Economics : Theory and Policy, 9 th edition, Pearson. McMillan, Margaret S., and Dani Rodrik, 2011, Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth, NBER Working Paper, No Tinbergen, Jan, 1974, Substitution of Graduate by Other Labour, Kyklos 27 2, ! 1940 Easterlin, 2000

商学 63‐3☆/6.山本

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