NINJAL Research Papers No.14

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23 190 14: (2018) J 6.1 LINE Beebe, Leslie M., Tomoko Takahashi & Robin Uliss-Weltz (1990) Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In: Robin C. Scarcella, Elaine S. Andersen & Stephen D. Krashen (eds.) Developing communicative competence in a second language, New York, NY: Newbury House. Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage. New York: Cambridge University Press : ICT SNS : K LINE 1(3): : Leadkitlax, Triktima2014 / - 11: S. B.2004 Merriam, Sharan B. (1998) Qualitative research and case study applications in education. New York: John Wiley & Sons : : : LINE 4849: SNS 11:

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25 192 14: (2018) Why Does a Non-native Speaker s Refusal of an Invitation from a Native Speaker on LINE Lead to Re-invitation?: Exploring the Problems of Non-native Speakers NAKAI Yoshio a FUNAHASHI Mizuki b SOEDA Eriko c MUKAI Yuki d a Doshisha University / Project Collaborator, NINJAL b Gunma University / Project Collaborator, NINJAL c Fuji Women s University / Project Collaborator, NINJAL d University of Brasília / Project Collaborator, NINJAL Abstract This research was conducted to discover the problems non-native Japanese speakers face in the process of writing/typing to communicate with native Japanese speakers, so as to develop situation-based materials for writing/typing skills in the Japanese language. This article focuses on the LINE app, which is the most popular communication tool among people in their twenties and thirties in Japan. Through LINE, we can send one-on-one and group texts, stickers, and emoticons. The communication through LINE is a non-face-to-face communication but similar to synchronous communication because LINE has a Read display function, which will notify the sender that the receiver has read their message. We conducted interviews with nine overseas students and one worker to explore the difficulties they have in communicating by LINE. Analysis shows that they have problems with refusing an invitation from native speakers with a higher degree of social distance with whom they need to maintain good relationships, such as a tutor for Japanese language or university staff. The factors of social distance and the necessity of maintaining a relationship with inviters make them avoid straightforward words and use euphemistic and indecisive expressions to refuse an invitation, which then leads the native speakers to re-invite them. Their learned linguistic prescription that it is impolite to refuse directly in Japanese and the strategy of using euphemistic and indecisive expressions troubled non-native speakers who wanted to decline in an amicable manner. Key words: LINE, refusal to invitation, re-invitation, non-face to face communication, linguistic prescription

1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989

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