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1 pp [ 研究ノート ] 経済学における自然概念の再解釈要約はじめに

2 経済学における自然概念の起源 1.1 ポリティカルエコノミーの形成 political economy 17 James Stuart 18 J. S. Mill 1848 Principle of Political Economy natural law natural history 32

3 Cardoso 2004 political philosophy moral philosophy 2 Adam Smith 3 Cardoso 2004 human nature natural man natural order natural world 18 life natural order economic order Cardoso political 18 Foley 2006 Bakan

4 4 Foley political 自然概念と自由

5 1.3 理想的状態としての自然状態 J. S. Mill 14 2 現代経済学における自然理論の展開 2.1 スミスの自然価格理論と見えざる手 15) 35

7 ヴィクセルの自然利子率と貨幣の問題

8 2 2.3 フリードマンの自然失業率仮説

9 3 ポリティカルエコノミーとグローバル経済 3.1 見えざる手の正体

10 Gorton visible invisible 自由な経済活動と競争 competition emulation 36 emulation 40

11 レッセフェールの呪縛

12 おわりに 90 D. K. Foley 42

13 Marciano and Runde

14 注 1 Drazen 2000 p. 3 2 Cardoso Cardoso Foley 2006 Bakan p. 553 p Marciano new political economy Drazen 2000 new political economy p Keynes p pp Sowell 2006 J. B. 11 Keynes p p p Davis, Marciano and Runde eds Introduction political economy richer p p

15 p p p pp p p p Snowdon and Vane p p p p Friedman p Keynes p p Gorton 2010 Gorton 45

16 34 Smith p p p pp p p P. Sylos-Labini 2007 p p Keynes p Keynes p p Keynes p Keynes p Sowell 2006 Sowell 2006 political philosophy economic methodology p

17 1981 pp Foley 2006 Foley p P. A. Samuelson 2007 p. 559 Sen 2009 Sen p p Keynes p. 352 Foley 2006 Foley p Davis, Marciano and Runde eds Introduction 参考文献 pp pp pp

18 Atkinson, Anthony B. and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Lectures on Public Economics, McGraw-Hill, Boylan Thomas A. and Paschal F. O Gorman, Popper, Economic Methodology and Contemporary Philosophy of Science, in Popper and Economic Methodology, edited by Boylan Thomas A. and Paschal F. O Gorman, Routledge, 2008, pp Buchan, James, The Authentic Adam Smith; His life and Ideas, W. W. Norton & Company, BP 2009 Cardoso J. Luis, Natural Law, Natural History and the Foundations of Political Economy, in Davis, John B, Alan Marciana and Jochen Runde, The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philpssophy, Edward Elgar, 2004, pp Drazen, Allan, Political Economy in Macroeconomics, Princeton University Press, Foley, Duncan, Adam s Fallacy; A Guide to Economic Theology, The Bolknap Press of Harvard University Press, Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, BP 2008 Friedman, Milton, The Role of Monetary Policy, American Economic Reviews, March, Gorton, Gary B, Slapped by the Invisible Hand The panic of 2007, Oxford, Groenewegen, P. Political Economy and Economics., in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman eds., The New Palgrave; A Dictionary of Economics, vol. 3, The Macmillan Press Limited, 1987, pp Hausman, Daniel M. and Michael S. McPherson, Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Keynes, J. M, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume, Essays in Persuasion, The Royal Economic Society, The Macmillan Press, Keynes, J. M, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume, Essays in Persuasion, The Royal Economic Society, The Macmillan Press, Lux, Kenneth, Adam Smith s Mistake, Shambhala Publication, Marciano, Alan, The Historical and Philosophical Foundations of New Political Economy, in Davis, John B, Alan Marciano and Jochen Runde, The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philpssophy, Edward Elgar, 2004, pp O Brien, D. P, Classical Economics, in An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics edited by Brian Snowdon and Howard R. Vane, Edward Elgar, 2002, pp Phelps, Edmund S, Seven Schools of Macroeconomic Thought, Clarendon Press, Oxford, E. S Schulze, Gunther G. The Political Economy of Capital Controls, Cambridge University Press, Sen, Amartya, The Idea of Justice, Penguin Books Ltd, 2009., 2011 Smith, Adam, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ,

19 Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Snowdon, Brian and Haward R. Vane, Conversations with Leading Economists; Interpreting Modern Macroeconomics, Edward Elgar, Sowell, Thomas, On Classical Economics, Yale University Press, Thompson, John L, Natural Rate of Unemployment, in An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics edited by Brian Snowdon and Howard R. Vane, Edward Elgar, 2002, pp Tobin, J. The Natural Rate as New Classical Economics., in R. Cross ed., The Natural Rate of Unemployment: Reflection on 25 years of Hypothesis, Cambridge University Press, Walter, Andrew and Gautam Sen, Analyzing the Global political economy, Princeton University Press,

20 Review of the Concept of Nature in Economics Miyako KIJI Abstract Modern economics has been shown that the free economic activities and the competitive markets can make the efficient allocation of resources possible by incentives that economic agents perform the maximization of their interests. In the last decade of the twentieth century, a global economy emerged by the end of the socialism of Soviet Unions and the principle of free and competitive markets have been promoted in the world. We can see the growth of the global economy, shown in the number of the rate of growth of GDP especially in the emerging countries, but it seems that we also now face at several economic problems of the world, which are for example the shortage of resources and food, the destruction of natural environment, poverty, and so on. About 250 years ago, Adam Smith tried to study the nature of human beings and the economic system of markets on the basis of the ideas of natural law and natural order. And he also recognized that the world was uncertain and we could see some unexpected events by the foolishness and unfairness and the weakness of human beings. This paper studies the several effects of the principles or doctrines in modern economics that has given us focusing on the concept of natural since the age of Adam Smith. First of all, I show the process of the formation of political economy that emerged in eighteenth century on the basis of natural law and natural history. And in section 2, I trace the definition of natural starting from the natural price or natural rate by Adam Smith to the natural rate of interest by Wicksell and the natural rate of unemployment by Friedman in modern economics in compared with Smith s. Then in section 3, I examine how to be explained the words of invisible hand and competition, and laissez-faire as the doctrines in modern economics, which are important concepts in market economy, since the age of emergency of the original political economy until now. And in the last section, I refer to an important question about the ideas of modern market economy, that is to say, how to recognize the real economic problems from both of economic theory and real economic events. In other words, it is important to study at the point of philosophical foundations of political economy about if real economy is bound for the ideal natural economy state, and well what is the ideal economy, and whether it is really good and right. I conclude to say that the ideas of original political economy and the philosophical thinking are useful to help to solve the real economic problem in economics. Key words: political economy, natural rate, invisible hand, competition, laissez faire 50

4 8 6 1 1 4 8 2001, 3 2 Marshall [1890]1920, 240 19 1 2001 2008 1990 1997 2007 2 Marshall [1890]1920

8 2011. 3 199 213 D. H. D. H. 1877-1953 The Evolution of Industry 1911 1904 1908 1919 1922 45 1906 Industrial Combination 2009 20 4 8 6 1 1 4 8 2001, 3 2 Marshall [1890]1920, 240 19 1 2001 2008 1990 1997