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2 Japan Journal of Sport Sociology Sports and Gender Boundaries: Handling of Gender Categories in the Olympics RAITA Kyoko 1) Abstract This study analyzes the proliferation in women s competitive sports through two separate areas of change. The first change examined concerns the number of participants in the Olympics, as well as the individual sports and events recognized as capable of being implemented at those tournaments. The second area of change regards shifts in the interpretation of gender category and the treatment of gender itself. In this study, the focus is placed on two debates as examples of investigations by the IOC into what physical gender actually consists of, and in what forms it is possible for boundaries to be established pertaining to gender. These two debates consist of discussions regarding the introduction of gender verification testing from the latter half of the 1960s, and those concerning participation by sex-reassigned athletes. The goal of the research is to illustrate that the popularization and expansion of women s competitive sports has been mutually related to changes in the interpretation of gender category. The expansion and popularization of women s competitive sports in the Olympics from the latter half of 1960s to 2000s overlapped with the period that decisions were made to introduce and abolish gender verification testing and to approve participation by sex-reassigned.those decisions have further complicated the conditions surrounding sports and gender. Medical testing, meanwhile, continues to steadily furnish hints with regard to the realities of where to draw the lines for secretion amounts of testosterone and other sex hormones, bone structure and several other elements that generate advantages in competitive performance and which, in actual practice, are important for persons engaging in competitive sports. In that sense, competitive sports drawing sharp distinctions between gender categories may in fact already have been relegated to the domain of little more than fiction. Key words: Olympics, gender category, gender verification testing, sex-reassigned athletes, women s sports. School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Tokodachi 101, Kaizu, Toyota, Aichi kraita@sass.chukyo-u.ac.jp

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15 IOC British Commonwealth Games IOC Arthur Porritt IOC IOC IOC Resolution of 1st IOC World Conference of Women and Sport, 1996 Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 1997, Position Statement Sex Testing (Gender Verification) in Sport. IAAF Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, 2006,

16 IAAF Policy on Gender Verification, iaaf. org/ mm/ document/ imported/ pdf IAAF IOC IOC 1966 Minutes of the meeting of Executive Committee IOC Medical Commission, 2003, Statement of the Stockholm consensus on sex reassignment in sports, olympic. org/ Document/ Reports/ EN/ en report 905.pdf Ljungqvist, Arne (IOC Medical Committee Chairman), 2003, Explanatory note to the recommendation on sex reassignment and sports, olympic.org/pdf/en_report_904.pdf Porritt, Arthur IOC FSFI IOC IOC IAAF J. S. Edstrom IOC The New Zealand Olympic and British Commonwealth Games Association Inc. J. W. Westerhoff IOC Westerhoff, J. W. IOC Arthur Porritt IOC medical/full_story_uk.asp?id=841 Zwischengeschlecht.org, 2010, Hermaphrodites in sports: IOC and IAAF deny responsibility, Z w i s c h e n g e s c h l e c h t. o rg P r e s s R e l e a s e, , %22Hermaphrodites%22-in-sports:-IOC-and- IAAF-deny-responsibility

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