(SAD) x86 MPSADBW H.264/AVC H.264/AVC SAD SAD x86 SAD MPSADBW SAD 3x3 3 9 SAD SAD SAD x86 MPSADBW SAD 9 SAD SAD 4.6

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1 SAD 23 (410M520)

2 (SAD) x86 MPSADBW H.264/AVC H.264/AVC SAD SAD x86 SAD MPSADBW SAD 3x3 3 9 SAD SAD SAD x86 MPSADBW SAD 9 SAD SAD 4.6

3 Abstract In recent years, the high definition of video image has made progress. The encoding for compressing an increasing number of data volumes of video image by this high definition progresses the sophistication of method and is greatly increasing the throughput. Because the motion estimation processing occupies most of the encode processing, the speeding up was being studied since early times. But the SAD operation instruction which embedded on the general purpose processor stopped advance since the MPSADBW instruction of x86 processor and is an obstacle the speeding up of software processing to don t correspond H.264/AVC encoding. Therefore, in this paper, I speed up the motion estimation by the realization of the highly parallel SAD operation instruction that is able to correspond with any the variable block sizes of H.264/AVC. The motion estimation does the block matching between the current picture and the reference picture, and calculates the SAD for this block matching. X86 processor has the MPSADBW instruction as the instruction of multiple SAD operations. But this instruction is limited to the horizontal SAD operations and have disadvantages that can t efficiently execute the motion estimation of tracking type that is the basic motion estimation of software processing at the moment. It can parallelize only three points at a time even if it used the estimation of tracking type which uses the square pattern of 3x3 which is using for high degree of data reuse in this laboratory. Hence, in order to solve this problem, in this paper, I proposed the highly parallel SAD operation instruction set that is able to parallelize the SAD operations of nine points for the square pattern at a time, and evaluated its effectivity. In addition, I designed the circuit structure which executes this proposed instruction set. It is able to speed up the motion estimation by using this instruction set. I evaluated the number of cycles that required to the SAD operations of nine points and the rate of speeding up between the MPSADBW instruction of x86 processor and the proposed highly parallel SAD operation instruction set. As a result, the performance of processing speed improved about 4.6 times and it was sped up the motion estimation.

4 SAD MPSADBW SAD SAD SAD SAD A (mjpegtools ) 33 A.1 mjpegtools A i

5 B x B B C yasm 35 ii

6 SAD x MPSADBW SAD MPSADBW 8 SAD x16 SAD x8 SAD x16 SAD x8 SAD x4 SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD HD SAD Kx2K SAD UHD SAD iii

7 2.1 MPSADBW SAD SAD iv

8 1 1.1 (High Definition : HD) 16 (Ultra High Definition : UHD) 2020 H.264/AVC [1,2] (SAD) SAD SAD 1 () 3x3 (SAD ) x86 SSE4(Streaming SIMD Extensions 4) SIMD(Single Instruction stream Multiple Data stream) 1 SAD MPSADBW(Multiple Packed Sums of Absolute Difference Byte Word) [3 5] MPSADBW SAD MPSADBW SAD 3x3 SAD 3x3 SAD 3x3 SAD SAD 1

9 2 SAD (SAD) SAD SAD x3 ( ) x x3 () 2

10 x : EPZS EPZS 3

11 (Sum of Absolute Differences : SAD) C R MxN C R SAD 1 SAD(C, R) = N 1 y=0 M 1 x=0 C xy R xy (1) M=4N=4 4x4 SAD 2.2 C C - R C - R SAD R : SAD SAD SAD 2 4

12 SAD 2.4 H.264/AVC 7 16x1616x88x168x88x44x84x x16 16x8 8x16 8x8 8x4 4x8 4x4 2.3: 16x1616x88x168x88x44x x4 4x SAD 16x1616x8 16 8x168x88x4 8 SAD 4x84x4 4 4x4 4x4 SAD 5

13 x16 16x x16 8x8 8x x8 4x4 2.4: 4x4 4x4 SAD SAD 16x16 4x4 SAD SAD 16x16 SAD 6

14 4x4 H.264/AVC SAD 2.5 MPSADBW MPSADBW x86 SIMD SSE4 1 MPSADBW 2 4 SAD 8 1 SAD SAD SAD SAD 1 MPSADBW SAD SAD MPSADBW SAD 2.5 MPSADBW 8 SAD MPSADBW SAD H G F E D C B A 2.5: MPSADBW SAD 7

15 SAD [A] SAD [B] SAD [C] SAD [D] SAD [E] SAD [F] SAD [G] SAD [H] : MPSADBW 8 SAD MPSADBW 8 SAD SAD 3x3 SAD MPSADBW SAD 2.6 SAD MPSADBW MPSADBW (3x3) MPSADBW (3x3) MPSADBW (5x3) 8

16 5x 3 MPSADBW 1 2.1: MPSADBW [WxH] [3x3] [3x3] [5x3] MPSADBW [] MPSADBW SAD 9 SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD (Highly Parallel Multiple Packed Sums of Absolute Difference Byte Word : HPMPSADBW) : 3x3 9 SAD 9

17 (Move Input : MovIn) : SAD (Move Output : MovOut) : SAD (Add and Compare : AddCom) : SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD SAD (Highly Parallel Multiple Packed Sums of Absolute Difference Byte Word : HPMPSADBW) 3x3 9 SAD 4x1 SAD x1 SAD SAD 1 8 SAD 2 SAD hpmpsadbw 3 1 (r1) 2 (r2) (i) (i) 0 16 SAD 1 8 SAD hpmpsadbw r1r2i hpmpsadbw addcom hpmpsadbw addcom 10

18 3.1.2 (Move Input : MovIn) SAD SAD 1 3 SAD 1 SAD 2 SAD 1 9 SAD movin 1 1 SAD (r1) movin r (Move Output : MovOut) SAD SAD 0 movout 1 1 (r1) 0 movout r (Add and Compare : AddCom) SAD 2 2 SAD 11

19 SAD 2 addcom 4 1 (r1) 23 (r2r3) 4 SAD (r4) addcom r1r2r3r4 addcom hpmpsadbw addcom hpmpsadbw SAD 9 SAD SAD SAD SAD hpmpsadbw addcom 256bit R0R36 576bit T0T5 2 32bit 8 r0r bit 4 t0t R0R15 R16R33 SAD SAD SAD 12

20 16x16 SAD x8 SAD 3.9 8x16 SAD x8 SAD x4 SAD bit 32bit 576bit 144bit R0 r7 r6 r5 r4 r3 r2 r1 r0 T0 t3 t2 t1 t0 R1 T1 Rn Tn 3.7: 1 movin R16 2 movin R17 3 hpmpsadbw R0, R18, 0 4 hpmpsadbw R1, R19, 0 5 hpmpsadbw R2, R20, 0 6 hpmpsadbw R3, R21, 0 7 movout T0 8 hpmpsadbw R4, R22, 0 # 8, 9 9 addcom t4, t3, t2, r hpmpsadbw R5, R23, 0 # 10, addcom t5, t1, t0, r272 13

21 12 hpmpsadbw R6, R24, 0 13 hpmpsadbw R7, R25, 0 14 movout T0 15 hpmpsadbw R8, R26, 0 # 15, addcom t6, t3, t2, r hpmpsadbw R9, R27, 0 # 17, addcom t7, t1, t0, r hpmpsadbw R10, R28, 0 # 19, addcom t4, t4, t6, r hpmpsadbw R11, R29, 0 # 21, addcom t5, t5, t7, r movout T0 24 hpmpsadbw R12, R30, 0 # 24, addcom t6, t3, t2, r hpmpsadbw R13, R31, 0 # 26, addcom t7, t1, t0, r hpmpsadbw R14, R32, 0 # 28, addcom t8, t4, t5, r hpmpsadbw R15, R33, 0 31 movout T0 32 addcom t3, t3, t2, r addcom t1, t1, t0, r addcom t6, t6, t3, r addcom t7, t7, t1, r addcom t9, t6, t7, r addcom t10, t4, t6, r addcom t11, t5, t7, r addcom t12, t8, t9, r addcom t13, t12, t12, r addcom t14, t10, t11, r : 16x16 SAD 14

22 1 movin R16 2 movin R17 3 hpmpsadbw R0, R18, 0 4 hpmpsadbw R1, R19, 0 5 hpmpsadbw R2, R20, 0 6 hpmpsadbw R3, R21, 0 7 movout T0 8 hpmpsadbw R4, R22, 0 # 8, 9 9 addcom t8, t3, t2, r hpmpsadbw R5, R23, 0 # 10, addcom t9, t1, t0, r hpmpsadbw R6, R24, 0 13 hpmpsadbw R7, R25, 0 14 movout T1 15 addcom t10, t7, t6, r addcom t11, t5, t4, r addcom t12, t8, t10, r addcom t13, t9, t11, r addcom t14, t12, t13, r addcom t15, t3, t7, r addcom t16, t2, t6, r addcom t17, t1, t5, r addcom t18, t0, t4, r addcom t19, t14, t14, r addcom t19, t15, t16, r addcom t19, t17, t18, r : 16x8 SAD 15

23 1 movin R16 2 movin R17 3 hpmpsadbw R0, R18, 1 4 hpmpsadbw R1, R20, 1 5 movout T0 6 hpmpsadbw R4, R22, 1 # 6, 7 7 addcom t4, t3, t1, r272 8 hpmpsadbw R5, R24, 1 # 8, 9 9 addcom t5, t2, t0, r movout T0 11 hpmpsadbw R8, R26, 1 # 11, addcom t6, t3, t1, r hpmpsadbw R9, R28, 1 # 13, addcom t7, t2, t0, r movout T0 16 hpmpsadbw R12, R30, 1 # 16, addcom t8, t3, t1, r hpmpsadbw R13, R32, 1 # 18, addcom t9, t2, t0, r movout T0 21 addcom t3, t3, t1, r addcom t2, t2, t0, r addcom t0, t4, t5, r addcom t1, t6, t7, r addcom t10, t8, t9, r addcom t11, t3, t2, r addcom t12, t4, t6, r addcom t13, t5, t7, r addcom t14, t8, t3, r addcom t15, t9, t2, r addcom t16, t0, t1, r addcom t17, t10, t11, r addcom t18, t16, t17, r286 16

24 34 addcom t19, t18, t18, r addcom t19, t12, t13, r addcom t19, t14, t15, r : 8x16 SAD 1 movin R16 2 movin R17 3 hpmpsadbw R0, R18, 1 4 hpmpsadbw R1, R20, 1 5 movout T0 6 hpmpsadbw R4, R22, 1 # 6, 7 7 addcom t4, t3, t1, r272 8 hpmpsadbw R5, R24, 1 # 8, 9 9 addcom t5, t2, t0, r movout T0 11 addcom t3, t3, t1, r addcom t2, t2, t0, r addcom t0, t4, t5, r addcom t1, t3, t2, r addcom t6, t4, t3, r addcom t7, t5, t2, r addcom t8, t0, t1, r addcom t9, t8, t8, r addcom t9, t6, t7, r : 8x8 SAD 17

25 1 movin R16 2 movin R17 3 hpmpsadbw R0, R18, 1 4 hpmpsadbw R1, R20, 1 5 movout T0 6 addcom t3, t3, t1, r272 7 addcom t2, t2, t0, r273 8 addcom t1, t3, t2, r274 9 addcom t0, t1, t1, r : 8x4 SAD SAD SAD 4x4 SAD SAD 8 2 SAD 4x2 SAD SAD SAD 18

26 4x4 A B C D 16x16 E F G H I J K L 16 M N O P 16 16x8 8x16 8x16 16x8 8x8 8x8 8x8 8x8 8x4 8x4 8x4 8x4 8x4 8x4 8x4 8x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x8 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 3.13: 16 SAD 19

27 4x2 4x1 8x16 A a0 a1 4x4 a0 c0 a1 c1 e0 g0 e1 g1 i0 k0 i1 k1 m0 o0 m1 o1 8 b0 d0 b1 d1 f0 h0 f1 h1 j0 l0 j1 l1 n0 p0 n1 p1 16 8x8 8x8 8x4 4x8 4x8 8x4 8x4 4x8 4x8 8x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x4 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 4x2 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 3.14: 8 SAD 20

28 3.2 SAD SAD SAD 16 SAD 1 8 SAD SAD SIMD x1 SAD SAD 6 4 SAD SAD SAD SAD () SAD SAD

29 SAD : SAD 22

30 4x1 SAD 4x1 SAD SAD x1 SAD : 23

31 3.2.2 SAD SAD SAD SAD n 144 SAD SIMD 9 SAD SAD SAD SAD 24

32 SAD 3.17: 4 H.264/AVC SAD 16 8 SAD x86 MPSADBW 9 SAD 25

33 4.2 MPSADBW SAD MPSADBW SAD 4.2: 9 SAD [WxH] 16x16 16x8 8x16 8x8 8x4 MPSADBW SAD MPSADBW 4.18 SAD MP- SADBW SAD : SAD MPSADBW

34 MPSADBW : SAD MPSADBW 26% SAD MPSADBW SAD SAD (hpmpsadbw ) SAD (addcom ) SAD SAD 2.7 H.264/AVC x264 x264 27

35 x264 SAD CrowdRunDucksTakeOffOldTownCross (HD : 1920x1080)4Kx2K(4Kx2K : 3840x2160) (UHD : 7680x4320) 3 4Kx2K MPSADBW 16x1616x88x168x88x4 SAD HD Kx2K 4.21 UHD : HD SAD 28

36 4.21: 4Kx2K SAD 4.22: UHD SAD 29

37 x264 SAD MPSADBW 1 4.3: SAD HD 4Kx2K UHD MPSADBW : HD 4Kx2K UHD MPSADBW x264 SAD 78% SAD SAD 30

38 5 SIMD 3x3 9 SAD H.264/AVC SAD x86 MPSADBW 4.6 SAD SAD 8 SAD 2 31

39 [1] ITU-TH.264http:// [2] () H.264/AVC 2006 [3] IntelIntel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Volume 1: Basic Architecture US2011/12 [4] IntelIntel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual Combined Volumes 2A, 2B, and 2C: Instruction Set Reference, A-Z US2011/12 [5] Intel 64 IA JA2011/4 32

40 A (mjpegtools ) A.1 mjpegtools mjpegtools x264 Y4M mjpegtools (mjpegtools-[ ].tar.gz) mjpegtools (x86 [moule ] )./configure --prefix=/home/username/mjpegtools ( ) make install () /home/username/mjpegtools/bin/ ppmtoy4m A.2 cat *.ppm > input.txt (PPM 1 )./ppmtoy4m -o 0 -n 500 -I p -F 25:1 -S 420mpeg2 < input.txt > output.y4m ppmtoy4m ( ) -o : -n : -F : (fps) 33

41 B x264 B.1 x264 (last_x264.tar.bz2) x264./configure --prefix=/home/username/x264 ( ) make (x264 ) make install (x264 ) /home/username/x264/bin x264./configure yasm (--disable-asm)./configure Found yasm <- Minimum version is yasm <- If you really want to compile without asm, configure with --disable-asm. yasm configure./configure : AS= yasm : AS= /home/username/yasm/bin/yasm 34

42 B.2 ( )./x264 --psnr --partitions p8x8,p4x4,b8x8,i8x8,i4x4 -o output.264 input.y4m C yasm yasm (yasm-[].tar.gz) [Source.tar.gz] yasm./configure --prefix=/home/username/yasm ( ) make install ( ) /home/username/yasm/bin/ yasm 35

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