植生史12(2)-本文

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1 12 2 p Jpn. J. Histor. Bot Nobuo Ooi 1, Naoko Kitada 2, Reiko Saito 2, Chihiro Miyagawa 2 and Daihachi Okai 3 : Vegetation history reconstructed from pollen data of the late Pleistocene deposit at Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture, Japan Ata K-Tz Tn AT K-Ah AT 8 5 AT Abstract Stratigraphy at Naka-ikemi consist of a lower sand and gravel layer and an upper humus layer which includes widespread tephras, Ata, K-Tz, Aira-Tn (AT), and K-Ah. By comparing pollen spectra of the upper humus layer below AT for ve drilling cores, vegetation changes at around Naka-ikemi during the late Pleistocene are reconstructed. Overall dominance of Cryptomeria pollen below AT indicated that Cryptomeria japonica forests spread widely through the periods. Differences in pollen assemblages between drilling points showed that deciduous oak forests distributed on the northern hills, alder forests grew in the wetland, and Cryptomeria japonica forests extended along the southern valley. At about 80,000 years ago, Castanea/Castanopsis pollen increased, with an enlargement of depositional area to the south, and was taken over by an increase of deciduous broadleaf tree pollen, followed by an extention of depositional area to the north. At around 50,000 years ago, marked by a brief increase of Hydrangea type pollen, Alnus and Lysichiton pollen increased, Sciadopitys pollen decreased, and Cupressaceae type pollen increased. Simultaneously, the depositional environment of Naka-ikemi changed from lake to moor. An increase of Tsuga, Pinus, and Betula pollen just below AT showed the onset of a cold phase leading to the last glacial maximum. Key Words: boring sample, early glacial, late Pleistocene, pollen analysis, vegetation change. Janssen, ONP ONP Laboratory, Tai-cho 21-30, Neyagawa, , Japan Geo-Research Institute, Itachibori 4-3-2, Nishi-ku, Osaka, , Japan Osaka Gas Co. Ltd., Hirano-cho 4-1-2, Chuo-ku, Osaka, , Japan

2 , 1988 Ooi, 1992 Yonebayashi, 1996 Fig ' 50"N, '10"E alt. 47 m Okada, Miyamoto et al. (1996) Fig. 2 Ata K-Tz DNP DSP Tn AT K-Ah Bt Bt Bt-24 7 Bt Bt-2 28 Bt Bt-6 32 Bt Bt-9 24 Bt AT 2 g Fig. 1 Locality map of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture.

3 63 Fig. 2 Columnar sections of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Refer to Fig. 1 for geological sections and drilling points. 10% 90 C % C 2

4 Fig. 3 Characteristic pollen obtained from the upper humus layer of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture with specimen and sample numbers. 1: Abies, NOS-6528, Bt9-2. 2: Tsuga, NOS-6501, Bt : Picea, NOS-6474, Bt6-1. 4: Larix, NOS-6628, Bt : Pinus subgen. Haploxylon, NOS-6502, Bt : Sciadopitys, NOS-6647, Bt : Cryptomeria, NOS-6616, Bt : Salix, NOS-6498, Bt : Myrica, NOS-6489, Bt : Pterocarya/Juglans, NOS-6524, Bt : Carpinus/Ostrya, NOS-6611, Bt : Betula, NOS-6470, Bt : Alnus, NOS-6484,

5 65 Fig. 4 Major pollen diagram of Bt-23 at the northern part of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Percentages of arboreal pollen types are based on total arboreal pollen counts, and those of the other types are based on total pollen and spore counts. 1 -O type Bt-2 Bt Fig. 3, Appendix Table 1 local fossil pollen assemblage zone Figs Bt-23 Fig. 4 NKM23-1 Alnus 60% Tsuga Pinus Betula NKM23-2 Cryptomeria Cupressaceae type Lysichiton NKM23-3 Hydrangea type Ulmus/ Zelkova Gramineae Cyperaceae NKM23-4 Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus NKM % 30% Sciadopitys Fagus Bt : Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus, NOS-6486, Bt : Castanea/Castanopsis, NOS-4742, Bt : Hydrangea type, NOS-4732, Bt : Hemiptelea, NOS-6521, Bt : Rutaceae, NOS-4736, Bt : Buxus, NOS-6507, Bt : Ilex, NOS-6622, Bt : Araliaceae, NOS-6605, Bt : Aesculus, NOS-6522, Bt : Rhamnaceae, NOS-6519, Bt : Tilia, NOS-6614, Bt : Ligustrum, NOS-6603, Bt : Fraxinus, NOS-6604, Bt : Gramineae, NOS-6607, Bt : Cyperaceae, NOS-6478, Bt : Eriocaulon, NOS-6481, Bt : Aneilema, NOS-4720, Bt : Allium, NOS-6516, Bt : Polygonatum type, NOS-4713, Bt : Lespedeza type, NOS-6475, Bt : Aconitum, NOS-6596, Bt : Anemome type, NOS-6477, Bt : Platycodon, NOS-4706, Bt : Menyanthes/Fauria, NOS-4679, Bt2-1.

6 Fig. 5 Major pollen diagram of Bt-24 at the northern part of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Refer to Fig. 4 for percentage calculation. Fig. 6 Major pollen diagram of Bt-2 at the central part of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Refer to Fig. 4 for percentage calculation. 2 Bt-24 Fig. 5 NKM24-1 Bt23-1 Ilex NKM24-2 NKM24-3 Fraxinus 3 Bt-2 Fig. 6 NKM2-1 Myrica

7 67 Fig. 7 Major pollen diagram of Bt-6 at the southern part of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Refer to Fig. 4 for percentage calculation. Menyanthes/Fauria NKM2-2 NKM2-3 NKM2-4 Abies Picea NKM2-5 NKM2-6 Carpinus/Ostrya Polygonatum type Typha NKM2-7 NKM2-8 Castanea/Castanopsis NKM2-8 NKM2-9 NKM2-10 Buxus NKM2-11 Cleyara type Lagerstroemia Bt-6 Fig. 7 NKM6-1 NKM6-2 NKM6-3 NKM6-4

8 Fig. 8 Major pollen diagram of Bt-9 at the southern part of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. Refer to Fig. 4 for percentage calculation. Bt6-18 NKM6-5 70% NKM6-6 NKM6-7 50% NKM6-8 5 Bt-9 Fig. 8 NKM9-1 30% Salix NKM9-2 NKM9-3 NKM9-4 NKM9-5 65% NKM9-6 75% NKM9-7 NKM Miyamoto et al. (1996) Bt-1 Bt-1 Figs. 1, Bt-1 Fig. 9

9 69 Fig. 9 Correlation of local fossil pollen assemblage zones at Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture to the pollen zones at adjacent sites. References: *1 Miyamoto et al. (1995, 1996), *2 Yasuda (1998), *3 Morita (1995), *4 Takahara & Kitagawa (2000), *5 Takahara et al. (2000). Bt-2 Bt-6, 9 NKM2-6 NKM6-6 NKM9-7 NKM2-7 NKM6-7 NKM9-8 Bt-23, 24 NKM23-5 Bt-9 Bt-6 NKM6-8 NKM2-8 Bt-1, 1995 NKM-14 Bt-2 NKM Bt-2 NKM2-11 Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis Bt-1, 1995 NKM-18 NKM2-11 Bt-2 NKM2-5 NKM6-5 NKM9-5 NKM2-5 NKM6-4 NKM9-4 NKM23-5, 4 NKM24-3 Bt-23, 24 30% Bt-2, 6, 9 NKM2-3, 2 NKM6-2 NKM9-2 NKM23-3, 2 NKM24-2 Bt-6, 9

10 NKM6-3 NKM9-3 Bt-2 NKM2-4 Bt-6, 9 NKM6-2 NKM9-2 Bt-23, 24 Bt-1, 1995 NKM-12 NMM2-4 AT NKM2-1 NKM6-1 NKM9-1 NKM23-1 NKM24-1 KM23-1 NKM2-1 Bt-1, 1995; Miyamoto et al., 1996 AT NKM-10 AT NKM2-11 NKM2-7 NKM6-7 NKM9-8 NKM2-6 NKM6-6 NKM9-7 Bt-2 NKM NKM NKM Bt-2 NKM2-8 Bt-6 NKM NKM2-5 NKM6-5 NKM9-5 NKM2-7 NKM6-7 NKM9-8 NKM2-7 NKM6-6 NKM9-7 NKM2-5 NKM6-5 NKM9-6 Bt-6, 9 Bt-2 Bt-23, 24 NKM2-5 NKM6-4 NKM9-4 NKM23-3, 4 NKM24-2, 3 NKM23-5 NKM24-3 NKM2-5 NKM6-4 NKM9-4 NKM23-2 NKM24-2 NKM2-2 4 NKM6-2 NKM9-2

11 71 AT NKM23-1 NKM24-1 NKM2-1 NKM6-1 NKM9-1 NKM2-1 Bt Miyamoto et al., 1996 AT NKM-10 AT NKM-9 8 AT AT 1994, 1998 Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000 Takahara et al., 2000 Fig Takahara & Takeoka (1992) AT MIS 5e Bt S Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000 KL-3 1 KL-2 MIS 5e 5c NKM2-7 NKM6-7 NKM9-8 NKM2-6 NKM6-6 NKM9-7 Bt-2 K-Tz DSP 1994 K-Tz DSP Aso Aso-4 Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000 K-Tz KL-5 Takahara et al., 2000 K-Tz KMY-2 MIS 5b 12 7 Aso MIS 5b 5a WPL Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000 KL-8 Takahara et al., 2000 KMY-4 KL-11 KMY-6 7 MIS 4 MIS 3 MIS 4 5

12 NKM23-2 NKM24-2 NKM2-5 NKM2-2 4 NKM6-5 NKM6-2 NKM9-6 NKM Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000Takahara et al., 2000 AT NKM23-1 NKM24-1 NKM2-1 NKM-10 NKM6-1 NKM WPU 1982 FGI Takahara & Takeoka, 1992 IW-4 Takahara & Kitagawa, 2000 KL-13 Ooi, 1992 Ooi & Tsuji, 1989 Ooi et al., AT MIS Lagerstroemia 10: Janssen, C.R Local and regional pollen deposition. Quaternary Plant Ecology (H.J.B. Birks & R.G. West, eds.), Blackwell Scienti c Publications, Oxford : Miyamoto, S., Yasuda, Y. & Kitagawa, H Paleoenvironments in the last glacial maximum around the Nakaikemi Moor, Fukui Prefecture, central Japan. Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University No. 31: , , No Okada, A Structure of the waste- lled valleys and associated crustal movements at the eastern part of the Tsuruga Plain, north of Lake Biwa. Paleolimnology of Lake Biwa and the Japanese Pleistocene No. 6: Ooi, N Pollen spectra around 20,000 years ago during the last glacial from the Nara Basin, Japan. The Quatenary Research (Daiyonki-kenkyu) 31: Ooi, N. & Tsuji, S Palynological study of the peat sediments around the last glacial maximum at Hikone, the east shore of Lake Biwa, Japan. Journal of Phytogeography & Taxonomy 27: Ooi, N., Minaki, M. & Noshiro, S Vegetation changes around the last glacial maximum and effects of the Aira- Tn Ash, at the Itai-Teragatani Site, central Japan. Ecological Research 5: No. 38: Takahara, H. & Kitagawa, H Vegetation and climate history since the last interglacial in Kurota Lowland, western Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 155: Takahara, H., Uemura, Y. & Danhara, H The vegetation and climate history during the early and middle last glacial period in Kamiyoshi Basin, Kyoto, Japan. Japanese Journal of Palynology 46: Takahara, H. & Takeoka, M Postglacial vegetation history around Torihama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Ecological Research 7: : : Yonebayashi, C Reconstruction of the vegetation at A.D. 915 at Ohse-yachi Mire, northern Japan, from pollen, present-day vegetation and tephra data. Vegetatio 125:

13 73 Appendix Table 1 Pollen and spore types obtained from the upper humus layer of Naka-ikemi, Fukui Prefecture. types types [arboreal pollen] [nonarboreal pollen] Abies Typha Tsuga / Sparganium/Potamogeton Picea Alisma / Larix/Pseudotsuga Sagittaria Pinus Gramineae Sciadopitys Cyperaceae Cryptomeria Aneilema Cupressaceae type Lysichiton Salix Eriocaulon Myrica Polygonatum type / Pterocarya/Juglans Allium / Carpinus/Ostrya Lilium Corylus Hemerocallis Betula Hosta Alnus Heloniopsis Fagus Iris Quercus subgen. Lepidobalanus Rumex Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis Bistorta / Castanea/Castanopsis Persicaria / Ulmus/Zelkova Reynoutria Hemiptelea / Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae / Celtis/Aphananthe Caryophyllaceae Viscum Nuphar Moraceae Anemone type Cercidiphyllum Aconitum Hydrangea type Cimicifuga Prunus type Ranunculus Lespedeza type Thalictrum Rutaceae Crusiferae Sapium Saxifragaceae Buxus Parnassia Rhus Rosaceae Ilex Sanguisorba Euonymus Leguminosae Staphyleaceae Geranium Acer Oxalis Rhamnaceae Euphorbia Aesculus Impatiens Parthenocissus Epilobium Vitis Theligonum Ampelopsis Lythrum Tilia Myriophyllum Cleyara type Haloragis Camellia Umbelliferae Elaeagnus Gentiana Lagerstroemia / Menyanthes/Fauria Araliaceae Labiatae Swida Rubiaceae Ericaceae Platycodon Symplocos Compositae subfam.carduoideae Styrax Artemisia / Syringa/Ligustrum Compositae subfam.cichorieae Fraxinus [fern spores] Sambucus Lycopodium clavatum type Callicarpa Lycopodium serratum type Viburnum Selaginella Osmunda Pteris monolete spores trilete spores

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