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5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4

6 (2007) 1 (1) 2 (2) (3) 3 (1)(3) 1 Gautama, A.K., Kumarb, S., and Sabumon, P.C. (2007). Preliminary Study of Physico-chemical Treatment Options for Hospital Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 83: (2000)

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9 3 7 8

10 1 2 (RI) 2 1 Web 2 9

11

12

13 12

14 13

15 1970 BODCOD (2004). 8 14

16 15

17 3 1 1 (1999). 16

18 (Fewtrell and Bartram, 2003) Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J. eds.(2003) WHO. 3 (2000). 17

19 NHK DNA (2006) NHK 4 18

20 ( %)( %) SARS (WHO) SARS E SARS 7 Chitnis, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2004). Bacterial Population Changes in Hosipital Effluent Treatment Plant in Central India. Water Research. 38: (2004)6.,,

21 , SARS SARS MPN/L 100 MPN/L 12 9 (2006). 10 [2003] GB , MPN (most probable number)mpn/l1 20

22 SARS , MRSA SARS 14 (1999). 15 (2006). 16 (1993). 21

23 (1) (2) (3) (2003) No (1979). 22

24 20 21 (1) (2) (3), (2001). 21 Gleick, J. (1997). Chaos: Making a New Science. New edition. London: Vintage (1997). 23 Ueki, Y., Akiyama, K., Watanabe, T. and Omura, T. (2004). Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses Taken from Gastroenteritis Patients, River Water and Oysters. Water Science and Technology. 50(1): (2005) 52 4, Ueki, Y., Sano, D., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, K. and Omura, T. (2005). Norovirus Pathway in Water Environment Estimated by Genetic Analysis of Strains from Patients of Gastroenterisis, Sewage, Treated Wastewater, River Water and Oysters. Water Research. 39:

25 (RNA) 96%

26 (2004). 28 Knight (uncertainty)(risk) Knight, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 29 Perrings, C. and Pearce, D.W. (1994) Threshold Effects and Incentives for The Conservation of Biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics. 4(1):

27 30 Dorman(2005) 30 Dorman, P. (2005). Evolving Knowledge and The Precautionary Principle. Ecological Economics. 53:

28 Dorman 27

29 6 28

30

31 A B C A 30

32 C

33

34 2 2 33

35 ph ph 3 CT C T ppm EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R

36 (2006). 7 WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization (WHO)

37

38

39

40

41 (1999)

42 3, , ,0009,199100(%) () (2003) RAND() 41

43 WAM NET 4 9, WAM NET 8,

44

45 , , ,659(3,06735)100(%) ,199 1,645 44

46 N = 9, % 18.4% 14.4% 14.2% 8.4% 7.8% 7.2% 5.9% N = 1, % 19.4% 13.5% 15.1% 9.0% 8.0% 8.3% 5.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% ,199 1,

47 N = 9, % 28.4% 12.6% 7.6% 5.0% 3.9% N = 1, % 31.7% 13.9% 7.9% 4.6% 6.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 46

48

49

50 Q5 Q

51 N = 671 RI)

52 RI RI RI 25.5 N = 1,

53 N = 239) 8.8% 33.1% 49.4% 8.8% N = 184) 8.7% 23.9% 60.9% 6.5% N = 161) 15.5% 24.2% 57.1% 3.1% N = 178) 14.6% 29.8% 52.8% 2.8% N = 120) 18.3% 34.2% 44.2% 3.3% N = 316) 13.9% 22.8% 59.5% 3.8% N = 233) 21.0% 27.0% 49.4% 2.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 25 52

54 N = % 33.7% 21.4% 0.0% N = % 30.3% 36.8% 0.0% N = % 33.6% 39.8% 1.6% N = % 27.3% 55.9% 3.1% N = % 25.4% 59.7% 4.8% N = % 25.2% 58.9% 9.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% phph 7 ph 53

55 ph

56 6-4-2 RI) N 2 55

57

58 N = 221) 14.0% 78.3% 7.7% N = 177) 14.1% 78.5% 7.3% N = 151) 25.8% 68.2% 6.0% N = 173) 17.3% 76.9% 5.8% N = 114) 36.8% 57.0% 6.1% N = 289) 21.1% 74.0% 4.8% N = 229) 30.1% 65.1% 4.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = % 42.1% 1.1% N = % 57.7% 0.0% N = % 58.4% 1.6% N = % 67.9% 4.2% N = % 74.8% 7.3% N = % 81.6% 9.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

59 N = % 46.6% 0.7% N = 1, % 75.2% 6.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

60 N = % 52.7% 0.7% N = 1, % 82.4% 6.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = % 35.1% 3.4% N = 1, % 92.6% 4.4% N = % 58.6% 40.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

61

62

63 6-5-2 RI)

64

65 Q4 Q Q4 Q

66

67 Q4 Q Q4 Q

68 ,

69 N 17 Q4 Q Q4 Q

70 100 1, ,

71 (%)

72 (%) (1999). EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R (1995) 71

73 Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. 23(7): WHO. (2006). Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products. WHO seminar pack for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization. 72

74 N = 217) 10.1% 11.5% 69.6% 8.8% N = 166) 5.4% 21.1% 66.9% 6.6% N = 140) 6.4% 22.1% 64.3% 7.1% N = 163) 9.8% 22.1% 63.8% 4.3% N = 111) 19.8% 22.5% 51.4% 6.3% N = 295) 13.9% 21.0% 60.7% 4.4% N = 219) 20.1% 20.1% 56.6% 3.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 217) 8.8% 82.5% 8.8% N = 166) 4.2% 89.2% 6.6% N = 142) 5.6% 87.3% 7.0% N = 163) 8.6% 87.1% 4.3% N = 111) 18.0% 75.7% 6.3% N = 296) 11.5% 84.1% 4.4% N = 219) 16.9% 79.9% 3.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 73

75 N = % 11.5% 39.1% 1.1% N = % 19.4% 59.7% 1.5% N = % 15.3% 56.8% 1.7% N = % 28.0% 54.6% 5.8% N = % 24.0% 58.7% 7.9% N = % 14.5% 72.7% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = % 50.6% 1.1% N = % 80.9% 1.5% N = % 75.4% 1.7% N = % 84.5% 5.8% N = % 85.3% 7.9% N = % 88.6% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 74

76 N = % 12.9% 47.5% 0.0% N = 1, % 20.5% 63.9% 6.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

77 N = % 62.6% 0.0% N = 1, % 86.2% 6.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

78 N = 209 N = 1, % 46.4% 84.8% 49.8% 3.8% 6.4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 1, % 80.1% 7.1% N = % 85.0% 4.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

79 N = 1, % 82.3% 7.1% N = % 85.8% 4.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

80 N = % 11.2% 53.6% 3.6% N = % 16.6% 62.4% 6.9% N = % 20.9% 71.8% 2.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

81 N = % 64.4% 5.8% N = % 92.4% 4.0% N = % 57.8% 39.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

82 ph

83

84 6-6-3 N = % 25.0% 50.4% 5.0% N = % 14.4% 74.7% 4.5% N = % 11.5% 30.8% 51.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 83

85 N = % 34.0% 43.1% N = % 15.3% 78.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

86

87 % 1.1% 0.4% 60.3% 4.9% 5.2% 6.6% 8.1% 5.9% 4.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 86

88 (%)

89

90 9 9 N = % 64.6% 6.6% N = % 78.7% 5.8% N = % 73.6% 6.9% N = % 69.7% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

91 N = % 64.0% 7.9% N = 1, % 74.8% 7.3% N = % 69.3% 9.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 1, % 69.8% 8.8% N = % 77.5% 5.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90

92 N = 9 N = 5 N = 8 N = 6 N = 2 N = % 80.0% 75.0% 66.7% 50.0% 100.0% 11.1% 20.0% 25.0% 33.3% 50.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (RI) 91

93

94 N = % 82.2% N = % 0.7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (1) (13.5%)5 (53.5%) (2) (20.0%)7 (67.3%) (3) (10.9%)5 (55.6%) (4) (5) (6) 2 (20.0%) 9 93

95 (7) 94

96 95

97 96

98

99 () 3 98

100 3 (1) (2) (3) 3 (1) (2) (3) 99

101 100

102 (1999). (2000). (1999). (2006). () (2003) (2003). (2004)6.,, 16. (2000). (2006) [2003]197, GB , pdf (2005) 52 4,

103 (1979). (1995)Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. 23(7): (1993). (2004). (2001). (1997). (2006). Chitnis, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2004). Bacterial Population Changes in Hosipital Effluent Treatment Plant in Central India. Water Research. 38: Dorman, P. (2005). Evolving Knowledge and The Precautionary Principle. Ecological Economics. 53: EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J. eds.(2003) WHO. Gautama, A.K., Kumarb, S., and Sabumon, P.C. (2007). Preliminary Study of Physico-chemical Treatment Options for Hospital Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 83: Gleick, J. (1997). Chaos: Making a New Science. New edition. London: Vintage. 102

104 Knight, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. NHK Perrings, C. and Pearce, D.W. (1994) Threshold Effects and Incentives for The Conservation of Biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics. 4(1): Ueki, Y., Akiyama, K., Watanabe, T. and Omura, T. (2004). Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses Taken from Gastroenteritis Patients, River Water and Oysters. Water Science and Technology. 50(1): Ueki, Y., Sano, D., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, K. and Omura, T. (2005). Norovirus Pathway in Water Environment Estimated by Genetic Analysis of Strains from Patients of Gastroenterisis, Sewage, Treated Wastewater, River Water and Oysters. Water Research. 39: WAM NEThttp:// WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization. WHO. (2006). Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products. WHO seminar pack for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. 103

105 104

106 (

107 106

108 107

109 Q1. (1) (2) (3) (4) Q2. (1) (2) (3) (4) Q3. (1) (2) (3) (4) 108

110 Q4. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Q5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 109

111 Q6. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Q7. (RI) (1) (2) (3) (RI) (4) (5) 110

112 Q8. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 111

113 Q9. Q8 (1) (2) Q10. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 112

114 Q11. Q10 (1) (2) Q12. Q10 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 113

115 Q13. Q12 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Q

116 Q15. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Q16. (1) (2) (3) (4) 115

117 Q17. A E Q

118 Q19. (1) (2) 3 1 (3) (4) 1 1 (5) 1 1 (6) (7) 1 1 (8) (9) Q20. Q1819 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Q21. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 117

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