1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989

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1 1. interlanguage 1970 (phonology) morphology syntax Hymes 1972 (communicative competence) Interlanguage Pragmatics Blum- Kulka, House, & Kasper, socio-cultural norm pragmatic transfer 3, Selinker Takahashi & Beebe Pragmatic transfer is defined here as transfer of first language L1) sociocultural communicative competence in performing L2 speech acts. 179

2 cross-cultural pragmatics Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984 Takahashi & Beebe 1987 Beebe,Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz 1990 (1993) 1994 rejoinder a 2002, 2001b 4 DCT Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz, Friend2 A friend invites you to dinner, but you really can t stand this friend s husband / wife. Friend: How about coming over for dinner Sunday night? We re having a small dinner party. You: Friend: O.K., maybe another time

3 Brown & Levinson 1987 politeness theory FTA Face Threatening Acts 8 FTA FTA 6 Look East Policy1981 Mahathir b. M., Brown & Levinson positive negative 1999 face 181

4 182

5 Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz

6 JJ JJ MM MJ3 pragmatic failure pragmalinguistic failure sociopragmatic failure Thomas, 1983 pragmatic competence socialization, 1997 JJ 184

7 MJ3 2 MJ2 1 MJ1 MJ0 MM

8 JJ MJ3MJ2MJ1 MJ0MM MJ MM Discourse Completion Test: DCT Ambang Asuhan Jepun, Pusat Asasi Sains, Universiti Malaya MJ3MJ2MJI MJ0MM DCT 186

9 DCT DCT DCT 2 DCT semantic formulas DCT 17 Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984 Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz Beebe

10 3 3 / / / / / / / /. 188

11 FTA Takahashi & Beebe JJ 1994 Takahashi & Beebe MMJJ 4 JJ

12 MM MJ1MJ2MJ3 4 1 % % JJ MJ3 MJ2 MJ1 MJ0 MM { }{ }{ } 11.5 { } 25.0 { }{ }{ } 8.3 { } 43.8 { }{ }{ } 4.1 { } 24.5 { }{ }{ } 11.4 { } 31.8 { }{ }{ } 5.0 { } 17.5 { }{ } 14.7 { } % % JJ MJ3 MJ2 MJ1 MJ0 MM { }{ } 17.3 { } 28.8 { }{ }{ } 12.5 { } 41.7 { }{ }{ } 20.4 { } 30.6 { }{ }{ } 13.7 { } 43.2 { }{ }{ } 10.0 { } 37.5 { }{ } 11.8 { } JJMM MJ1MJ3 MJ0MJ2 190

13 MM Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1986 linguistic knowledge % % JJ MJ3 MJ2 MJ1 MJ0 MM { }{ }{ } 11.5 { } 38.5 { }{ }{ } 25.0 { } 50.0 { }{ }{ } 24.5 { } 49.0 { }{ }{ } 11.4 { } 38.6 { }{ }{ } 6.3 { } 37.5 { }{ }{ }{ } 22.1 { } JJ 4 6 MM 20 the waffle phenomenon Edmondson & House,

14 MJ0MJ1MJ2MJ % JJ MJ3 MJ2 MJ1 MJ0 MM { }{ }{ } 13.5 { } 40.4 { }{ }{ } 12.5 { } 39.6 { }{ } 12.2 { } 32.7 { }{ } 15.9 { } 36.4 { }{ }{ } 10.0 { } 26.3 { }{ }{ } 23.5 { } JJ 192

15 MM MJ0MJ1MJ2MJ3 4 JJ MM 1994 JJ MM 6 7 JJMM 193

16 . JJMM Takahashi & Beebe JJ MM the waffle phenomenon 194

17 1999) 1997) ) 79, a) 17, b) 4, ) 115, K.S. ) 1985) Sitaram, K. S.,& Cogdell, R. T Foundations of intercultural communication. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.) K. H. ) 1999) Johnson, K., & Johnson, H Encyclopedic dictionary of applied linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.) 1997) ) ) ) 1, ) 195

18 b. M. 1995) Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Weltz, R. 1990)Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In Scarcella, R. C., Andersen E. S., & Krashen S. D. Eds.), Developing communicative competence in a second language. Pp Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J. & Kasper, G. 1989) Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics: An introductory overview. In Blum-Kulka,S., House, J.,& Kasper, G. Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Pp Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. 1984)Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5, Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. 1986)Too many words: Length of utterance and pragmatics failure. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 8, Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. 1987)Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edmondson, W., & House, J. 1991)Do learners talk too much? The waffle phenomenon in interlanguage pragmatics. In Phillipson, R., Kellerman, E., Selinker, L., Smith, M. S., & Swain, M. Eds.), Foreign/second language pedagogy research: A commemorative volume for Claus Fæch. Pp Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters. Hymes, D. 1972)On communicative competence. In Pride, J. B., & Holmes, J. Eds.) Sociolinguistics: Selected readings. Pp Harmondsworth: Penguin. Selinker, L. 1972)Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, Takahashi, T., & Beebe, L. M. 1987)The development of pragmatic competence by Japanese learners of English. JALT Journal, 8, Thomas, J. 1983)Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4,

19 197

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