GLOBAL FALLOUT 1

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1 GLOBAL FALLOUT 1

2 Country Indonesia India Pakistan Korea P.R.China Brazil Argentina Japan New Zealand Italy Switzerland Denmark Canada U.S.A. England Netherlands France W.Germany Sweden Meats kg/year/person

3 -DIFFERENT FOOD CONSUMPTION CUSTOM FROM OTHER AREAS- Fish Milk Eggs Animal Fats Meat Sugar Pulses Oilcrops Starchy roots Fruits Vegetables Cereals Rice Wheat Maize WORLD ASIA China India AREA/Country Japan Korea OCEANIA Australia AMERICA U.S.A. EUROPE France U.K. AFRICA kg/capita/year kg/capita/year 2007 data from FAO database,

4 Category Root vegetables Leafy vegetables Fish & shellfish Meat Eggs Milk Potatoes Beans Cereals Sr-90 Cs-137 0! 10! 20! 30! 40! 50 Contribution (%) FIG. Relative contributions of nine food groups to the total intake of fallout 90 Sr and 137 Cs. Each Value is a mean during the period from 1966 to 1971 in three prefectures. (Ueda et al., 1974)

5 (Wet Dry)

Sr-90Cs-137mBq/kg 10000 1000 100 10 1 Bq m 2 10000 1000

6 Sr-90Cs-137mBq/kg Bq m Sr 137 Cs Year

8 137 Cs Cs 90 Sr Sr 131 I I

10 TF= Bq kg-1 Bq kg -1

TF OF CS-137 FOR POLISHED RICE TF of Cs-137 for polished rice ( - ) 10 0

11 TF OF CS-137 FOR POLISHED RICE TF of Cs-137 for polished rice ( - ) Akita Morioka Year

12 Element Leafy vegetables Fruit vegetables Leek & Onion Wheat & Barley Tubers Root vegetables Beans Brown rice N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM N GM Co E E E E E E E E-4 Sr E E E E E E E E-3 Cs E E E E E E E E-4 U E E E E E E E E-5 Ra E E E E E E-2 - n.m E-4 Cs E E E E E E-2 - n.m E-3 N: number of observations. GM: Geometric mean Bq/Kg-dry TF Bq/Kg-dry Uchida, et al: J. Nucl. Sci. Technol.

16 Transfer fctor of naturally existing 133 Cs Upland field crops Brown rice Transfer factor of fallout 137 Cs N. Ishikawa, K. Tagami, S. Uchida: Estimation of 137 Cs Plant Root Uptake Using Naturally Existing 133 Cs, Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Suppl. 5, , 2008.

17 COMPARISON OF TFS OF FALLOUT 137 CS AND STABLE CS Transfer factors of Cs and 137 Cs for white rice Average of 137 Cs-TF Average of stable Cs-TF stable Cs Cs Year FIG. 2. Transfer factors of 137 Cs and stable Cs for white rice collected in Akita, Japan. (Uchida, et.al: Radioprotection, 40, S129-S134, 2005)

18 Ratio of 137 Cs-TF to stable Cs-TF Ratio Place Year Ref. 1.5 Akita Uchida, et. al. 2.8 Japan Ishikawa, et. al (50-37 points) Uchida, et. al. 5.5 (Crops) Japan Ishikawa, et. al (68-43 points) Uchida, et. al. 2.9 Aomori Tsukada, et al. 3.3 Japan (14-15 points) 1990 Komammura, et.al.

19 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG 137 CS, 133 CS, AND K IN PLANT UPTAKE OBSERVED IN JAPANESE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS 137 Cs in crop ( C crop 137Cs ) 133 Cs in plant ( C crop 133Cs ) K in plant C crop ( K ) Plant-available fraction (ex) 137 Cs on exchangeable sites C ex 137Cs ( ) 133 Cs on exchangeable sites C ex 133Cs ( ) K on exchangeable sites C ex K ( ) Plant-unavailable fraction (fix) 137 Cs on fixed sites 133 Cs on fixed sites C fix 133 Cs originated from soil C fix K on fixed sites K originated from soil C fix ( 137Cs ) ( 133Cs ) ( K ) The soil environment

20 K K-40TF TF

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