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1 NICT /11/15, Word Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff & Tugwell 01; Srdanovic, et al. 08) ( ) I-Language Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage (Newmeyer 03)

2 (is-a ) ( )?? () // () ()????

3 ? ( )?? ( ) Web

4 ?? (examples) (antiexamples) () vs. * ( ) anti-examples programming/object-oriented design ( (anti-matter) )? () ( ) Fast Mapping ( & Smith 07, 08) (e.g., (Sutton & Barto 98), Memory-based Learning (Daelemans & van den Bosch 05); ( & 08))

5 () (e.g.,, ) Word Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff & Tugwell 01, Srdanovic, et al. 08, 08) Sketch Engine (Word) Sketch Engine (e.g., ) SkE SkE JpWaC 409,384,405 (BNC 4 ) Web 7/Ikaho.ppt Word Sketch

6 Sketch Engine / ( ) Word Sketch 6. (!!) Sketch Engine 1/5 Sketch Engine 2/5 Word Sketch [ pronoun ]* * pronoun () / ( ) 5%25%() => ( ChaSen ) Coord(ination)

7 Sketch Engine 3/5 Sketch Engine 4, 5/5 + < + <<?* + + <?+ <<??+ NLP 9/ (V) (X),,,, {,},,, Th (e.g.,off, away, up)

8 X / V Word Sketch [noun ] [pronoun ]* ( 10 50) V X (V, X) Metaphoric = {1, 0.5, 0}: Th = {1, 0}: X <> Loc = {1, 0}: X < > freq, salience Sketch Engine URL : data/object-typology-of-cleaningverbs.xls ( ) A. / B.? C. Th? D. (e.g, off) (e.g,,, ) E. Loc/Th?

9 A B A. / : Salience = (Mutual Information * Log Frequency) Word Sketch X : X {,,,,,...}, {,,,,...} X {, } : X {, } {,,,,, }; {, } Loc Th + X N M = Metaphoric 1 0 X / N M (e.g.,?*) < > V1 V2 < > V M Yes Yes Yes Yes 0.272* + Yes* No No? 0 Yes 0 Yes C D Loc Th + X N Loc = Loc + 0 X / N Th = Th + 0 X / N, Th Loc Loc Th M No Yes Yes * No? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes , * + +, , , (e.g., ) {+, },, off away up Loc vs Th

10 VX Satellite-frame L (Talmy 75, 76, 85, 03) Verb-frame L SfL ( ) SfL+ V-fL + ( ) SfL VfL (Matsumoto 03) V (e.g., ) X <th(ing to be removed)> <th loc(ation)> (1) (<loc: > ) <th:> (2) <loc: > [cf. *<loc: > <th:> ] (3) a. (<loc: > { ; }) <th:>; b. *<loc: > (4) a. (<loc: >{ ; })<th:>; b. #<loc: > : th Theme (e.g., (1), (3a), (4a)) A OVERALL STRUCTURE R1 A! S: simplification through profiling P: presupposition R1: CLEAN(A, C) A A! E C R2 C! S R1 R3 B B! S R3: DETACH-FROM(B, C) B B! R3 C C! B is theme; C is source P S P C C! C is primary affectum (thing or location); A is agent R2: REMOVE(A, B) A A! R2 B B! B is primary affectum (thing only); A is agent Alternate E. Loc/Th? : X X Loc Th X X <> : X X Loc Th : X X Loc X <> (product)? X R1 C R2 B R1 primary/foreground X = C R2 primary/foreground X = B X (B C ) primary affectum? R3: A clean B primary

11 <> X Th Loc F1:!<A remove C from B> F2:!<A clean B (of C> (is-a <A improve B>) F3:!<C detach-from B> (implied <C disappear-from B>) {F1, F2, F3} F1 F2 primary Loc/Th F1 C F2 B F3 Theme Loc (= Theme Source) X C=Th B=Loc Affectum Intended Result Product 1. R (e.g., ) P = {p1, p2,...} 2. P ( I!!) G(P) = {g1, g2,...} I 3. G () (e.g, ) (e.g., )

12 References [1] () () Daelemans, W. and van den Bosch, A. (2005). Memory-Based Language Processing. Cambridge University Press. Kilgarriff, A. and D. Tugwell (2001). WORD SKETCH: Extraction and Display of Significant Collocations for Lexicography. Information Technology Research Institute Technical Report ITRI Matsumoto, Y. (2003). Typologies of lexicalization patterns and event integration: Clarifications and reformulations. In S. Chiba, et al. (eds.), Empirical and Theoretical Investigations into Language: A Festschrift for Masaru Kajita, (pp ), Tokyo: Kaitakusha. Newmeyer, F. J. (2003). Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage. Language 79 (4): References [2] References [3] Srdanovic Erjavec, I and Erjavec, T. and Kilgarrif, A. (2008). A web corpus and word sketches for Japanese. J. of Natural Language Processing 15/2. Sutton, R. S. and Barto, A. (1998). Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. (1975). Semantics and the syntax of motion. In J. Kimball (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 4 (pp ), Academic Press. Talmy, L. (1976). Semantic causative types. In M. Shibitani (ed.), Syntax and Semantics 6: The Grammar of Causative Constructions. Academic Press, N.Y., pp Talmy, L. (1985). Lexicalization patterns: Semantic structure in lexical forms. In T. Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description III: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon (pp ), Academic Press. Talmy, L. (1991). Path to realization. BLS 17, Smith, L. B. (2008) (2008) , I (2008). Sketch Engine. 24:

Corrected Version NICT /11/15, 1 Thursday, May 7,

Corrected Version NICT /11/15, 1 Thursday, May 7, Corrected Version NICT 26 2008/11/15, 1 1 Word Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff & Tugwell 01; Srdanovic, et al. 08) 2 2 3 3 ( ) I-Language Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage (Newmeyer 03) 4 4 (is-a ) ( ) (