08_中嶋真美.indd

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1 pp CBT CBT CBT UNWTO , ,450 GDP

2 56 UNESCO 2010 Living Heritage Cultural Landscape Community-Based Tourism 2002UNWTO ST-EP ST-EP Sustainable Tourism Elimination Poverty UNWTO CBT CBT UNWTO 2014 Mitchell et al Tanzania Cultural Tourism Programme TCTP TCTP TTBSNV 1996 UNWTO ST-EP

3 UNESCO Living combined works of nature and man 47 Mitchell

4 p b 178

5 UNESCO UNESCO World Heritage List Statistics Action Plan of African World Heritage AWHF 179

6 56 IUCN Action Plan for World Heritage in the Africa Region UNESCO AWHF UNESCO African Nature Program / 1 / / / / 1982 / 5 / / / / 1992 Mitchell

7 Hall and Richards 2000 Community-based approach Hall and Richards 2000CBT CBT Goodwin and Santilli 2009 CBT 30 Wood TZ NGO 1 TCTP CBT CBT

8 56 Mitchell 2008 CBT 2010 Mitchell CBT CBT CBT

9 CBT km 4 1 CBT A

10 B 40 C 30 D 20 E 10 CBT

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12 56 3/ CBT 7 CBT 186

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14 CBT CBT CBT CBT pp pp Mitchell, N., Rossler, M. and Tricaud, P. M. (2008) World Heritage Cultural Landscapes A Handbook for Conservation and Management World Heritage Paper Series /1/23 Goodwin, H. and Santilli, R (2009) Community-based tourism: a success? ICRT & GTZ, ICRT Occasional Paper 11. UNWTO (2014) UNWTO Tourism Highlight 2015, p /1/15 UNESCO (2012) Status of implementation of the action plan for World Heritage in the African region ( ) PDF /1/15 Urry, J. (1990)The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies, Sage Publications. 188

15 Wood, Megan E (2002) Ecotourism: Principle, Practice & Policies for Sustainability, United Nations publication. p. 41. IUCN /12/15 UNESCO UNESCO celebrates 10 years of achievements of the African World Heritage Fund /12/15 UNESCO World Heritage List Statistics /1/29 UNWTO Press Release International tourist arrivals up 4 reach a record 1.2 billion in billion /1/20 189

16 56 Mami NAKAJIMA This study is discussed about the roles of community-based tourism (CBT) for conservation on the basis of the field survey in Tanzania, focusing on cultural landscapes, one of the living heritages that function as both approaches of tourism development and heritage protection. The CBT is performed based on the traditional life of community and includes a factor of living heritage that is considered to be a human living culture itself, and therefore, the locals is an essential factor. The consciousness, whether overt or covert, that has been formed by inhabitants has an influence on the nature of conservation. Locality is the significant factor, even because the local landscapes in association with lives and livelihoods come to have a global meaning and the spirituality such as the consciousness and awareness by inhabitants has an important meaning in the conservation. On this occasion, considering a sustainable use, it is important that the locals understand the value of living heritages and have some knowledge about that. A tourism form of CBT has a characteristic that can involve many actors, and can therefore be used beneficially from the viewpoint of not only community development approach, but also the conservation of cultural landscapes, in the area where living environment is used as tourism resources. living heritage, cultural landscape, community-based tourism, Tanzania, local people 190

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