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1 15, * : (IR ) 1. * IWATA Natsuho: [ 135 ]
2 136 (symmetry) (asymmetry) 1 (Sacks 1972a, b) ( 1995) NS-NNS (native speaker, NS) (non-native speaker, NNS) NS (Beebe & Giles 1984; Fan 1992; Gaies 1982; van Lier & Matsuo 2000) NS NNS Fan (1992) NS NS 1 joint construction co-construction (Linell 1998: 86) collaboration ( 2004) collaboration
3 137 NS NNS NNS NS NNS NS (1999) NNS NS (p. 80) NS NS NNS NS NNS (1999) NS NNS NS 2 2. NS 2 (Linell, Gustavsson & Juvonen 1988; Marková & Linell 1996) (local) (global) (Linell 1990; Linell & Luckmann 1991) (dominance) (inequality) (equality) Linell (1990) Linell & Luckmann (1991) 2 NNS NS (Woken & Swales 1989) (Zuengler 1989; Zuengler & Bent 1991) NS
4 138 (symmetry) (asymmetry) Linell et al. (1988) (Initiative-Response analysis IR ) Linell et al. (1988) Linell (1998) IR (pointforward) (1) ( ) (2) (Linell et al. 1988: 417) (point-backwards) (marked) () 4 (1) (2) 3 (3) (4) (Linell et al. 1988) (Linell 1998: 171) 4 4 ( 6 )
5 139 Linell et al. (1988) NS NNS 5 Linell et al. (1988) 18 1 (7.*) ( ) ( ) 5. ( ) ( 1 ) > () ( 2 ) ( ) ( 3 ) <> () ( 4 ) < ( ) ( 5 ) < ( 6 ) > () ( 7 ) ( ) ( 8 ) < ( 9 ) => () (10) = ( ) (11) <=> () (12) <= ( ) (13) : > (14) : ( ) (15) (16) > 6. (17) (> (18) >) 7.* (19) = > Linell et al. (1988: )
6 140 2 (1) NS NNS (2) ( : ) ( : ) ( ) (Maynard & Zimmerman, 1984) ( & 2000 ) (NNS NS ) (NNS ) IR 7 7 (10 ) 2 81%
7 141 2 [ = ( ) (.)(..) ::? hhh hhh ( ) (1999) NNS-NS NNS-NS NNS NNS-NS 5 2. (1) IR
8 142 (2) (1995) (Sacks 1972a, b) ( ) (1995) (2) IR ( ) 8
9 (1 100 ) 2 ( ) 4 ( ) (1) ( S) ( L) L: [ :: [ :: :: [ : (.) (.) 21S: [ :::! [ [ :::: 22L: 23S: :::.h(.) :: (.) (.) 24L: 25S: : : [(.) 26L: hhh [ :::::::::: : : = :: :: (.) :: :: 27S: : : :::
10 144 28L: ::::: (3) :: (..) : (.) GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 13 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG ( ) 42L: :: : (2) h: 43S: ::: (.).h : (4).h :: :.h :: (.) (..) 23S ( 2003) (43S) 3 NS NNS (2) S ( 2)( 3) L: ( ) :: : [ 80S: [ :: (1) ::::: :: [ 81L: [ ::: (2) (.)
11 145 82S: h hhh 83L: h h hhh hhhh 84S: [ : 85L: [ 80S 81L (82S) (83L) 82S 3 ( ) (3) ( 5) 2, 3, L: 102S: ( ::: b : ) [ :: 103L: [ :(..) 104S: 105L: d :: :: :: 106S: [ 107L: [ hhhh :hhhh hhh 3 102S ( ) (104S) 105L
12 L: [ 120S: [ [ :(.) 121L: [ :: hhhhhh 122S: hh (.)# ::(.) 121L 122S S: : JJ ( ) h 131L: 132S: 133L: JJ :: (.) [ 134S: [ h h.h [ 135L: hh [ h hh.hh 130S JJ 133L 134S JJ (135L) 135L
13 147 (Svennevig 1999) (Edelsky 1997: 196) (4) S: 154L: : [: 155S: [ : 156L: (..)? 157S: Ghost house 158L: :::: :: : (.) 157S: hhh 159L: 160S: ::: [ 161L: 162S: [ (.) :: 153S 154L 160S (161L) (162S) 154L 155S
14 (1) (2) (1) (2) (3) (Maynard & Zimmerman 1984) NNS
15 NS NNS NS NNS NS NS IR IR 9 IR 1 6 (Itakura 2001) Linell et al. (1988) 9
16 150 Marková & Linell (1996) (Act-activity interdependence) 2004 (2004) Vol. 23, (2003) 13, (1995) Vol. 24 (11), (1999) 47, (2000) , 55 65,. (1999),. Beebe, L. M. & Giles, H. (1984) Speech-accommodation theories: a discussion in terms of second language acquisition, International Journal of Social Language, Vol. 46: Edelsky, C. (1993) Who s got the floor?, In D. Tannen (ed.), Gender and Conversational Interaction, New York, Oxford University Press: Fan, S. K. (1992) Language management in contact situations between Japanese and Chinese, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Japanese Studies, Monash University, Australia. Gaies, S. J. (1982) Modification of discourse between native and nonnative speaker peers, Papers 16th Annual TESOL Conference: 1 32 Itakura, H. (2001) Conversational dominance and gender: A study of Japanese speakers in first and
17 151 second language contexts, Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Linell, P. (1990) The power of dialogue dynamics, In I. Marková and K. Foppa (eds.), The Dynamics of Dialogue, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf: (1998) Approaching dialogue, Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Linell, P., Gustavsson, L. & Juvonen, P. (1988) Interactional dominance in dyadic communication: a presentation of initiative-response analysis, Linguistics, Vol. 26: Linell, P. & Luckmann, T. (1991) Asymmetries in dialogue: some conceptual preliminaries, In I. Marková and K. Foppa (eds.), Asymmetries in Dialogue, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf: Marková, I. & Linell, P. (1996) Coding elementary contributions to dialogue: individual acts versus dialogical interactions, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 26 (4): Maynard, D. W. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1984) Topical talk, ritual and the social organization of relationships, Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 47 (4): Sacks, H. (1972a) An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology, In D. Sudnow (ed.), Studies in social interaction: ( :,, 1989: ) (1972b) On the analyzability of stories by children, In J.J.Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston: Svennevig, J. (1999) Getting acquainted in Conversation: A study of initial interaction, Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company. van Lier, L. & Matsuo, N. (2000) Varieties of conversational experience: looking for learning opportunities, Applied Language Learning, Vol. 11 (2): Woken, M. D. & Swales, J. (1989) Expertise and authority in native-non-native conversations: the need for a variable account, In S. Gass, C. Madden, D. Preston, and L. Selinker (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Discourse and Pragmatics, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters: Zuengler, J. (1989) Performance variation in NS-NNS interactions: ethnolinguistic difference, or discourse domain? In S. Gass, C. Madden, D. Preston, and L. Selinker (eds.), Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Discourse and Pragmatics, Multilingual Matters: Zuengler, J. & Bent, B. (1991) Relating knowledge of content domain: an influence on native-non native conversations, Applied Linguistics, Vol. 12 (4):
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