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1 J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2, 58-70, 2007 原著人工栄養がなかった時代に子育てをした女性の母乳哺育体験に関する研究 Experiences of breastfeeding for Japanese women who raised children in a time when breast milk substitutes were not readily available Yumi ITAYA 1 Mariko KITAGAWA 2 抄録目的対象と方法結果結論 1 Gifu University, Nursing Course, School of Medicine Nagoya City University, School of Nursing, Doctoral Course 2 Nagoya City University, School of Nursing

2 キーワード : Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of women who breastfed their children in Japan s postwar period when breast milk substitutes were not readily available. Methods The subjects of the study were 13 healthy elderly women who gave birth to their first child in 1955 or earlier, and who raised their infants on breast milk. Information on women's experiences breastfeeding their children were gathered mainly from semi-structured interviews. The interview data were recorded after obtaining the consent of the women. Afterwards, transcripts were prepared and a qualitative inductive analysis was performed with reference to the methods of ethnography. Results Four categories such as: good lactation and physicality, positive thought and behavior toward the continuation of breastfeeding ; psychosocial involvement toward breastfeeding by others ; and affirmative self-concept of themselves as mothers, along with the following sixteen subcategories including as: [the continuation of good lactation]; [a lifestyle promoting natural lactation]; [nursing continuation and contraception effect]; [acquisition of knowledge and information about breastfeeding]; [nursing custom assuming autonomous feeding]; [experience of the pleasant feeling that nursing brings]; [extension of weaning time]; [firm convictions as to the value of breastfeeding]; [pain and distress from restricted free nursing]; [another person s decision as to breast milk deprivation]; [strong support and trust of mother]; [nursing support that a midwife makes a difference]; [cooperation among community through back up of mother s milk]; [guarding and passing on breastfeeding tradition and experience]; [smooth acquisition of breastfeeding skills and confidence in child care]; and [formation development of high maternal role awareness]. These were extracted from the descriptive data on the breastfeeding of these 13 women. Conclusion In Japan s postwar reconstruction years breast milk substitutes were not readily available, and women who experienced breastfeeding at that time were self-aware with regard to good lactation; they inherited the psychosocial involvement toward breastfeeding by others; they had a positive attitude and behavior with regard to the continuation of breastfeeding; and may be assumed to have had an affirmative self-concept of themselves as mothers through the act of raising their children on breast milk. These women and their families were motivated by the belief that there is only mother's milk to bring up my child. Key Words: elderly women, breastfeeding experiences, postwar period Ⅰ. はじめに WHO Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative , 1994/2002 Hill, ; 1981 ; J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

3 Ⅱ. 方法 1. 対象 G 研究協力への依頼手順と倫理的配慮 GG ID データ収集方法 IC 4. データ収集期間データ分析方法 Ⅲ. 結果 1. 対象の背景

4 表 1 情報提供者の背景事例年齢 A 77 B 79 C 84 D 80 E 86 F 82 G 78 H 73 J 84 K 75 L 77 M 80 N 77 家業出産年出産時の年齢出産場所授乳期間母乳分泌状況代替乳の経験乳房トラブル S S S S S S S28 26 S S S S S26 26 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S G 調査地の概要 G7kmGK H 225m 昭和年代当時の生活文化 J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

5 G G 当時の女性の母乳哺育体験 , A2 B D K F L 2 M C J L

6 表 2 母乳哺育体験カテゴリーカテゴリーサブカテゴリー根拠となる背景良好な乳汁分泌と身体性授乳継続への積極的思考と行動他者による母乳哺育への心理社会的関与母親としての肯定的な自己概念の再形成 23 1 B 3 J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

7 A 1 B 2,3 F D G 38 B 2 M E 2 A M 3 B D N

8 M H 5 H H D L N C J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

9 A J L 4 23 M B 1 J2 K 5 J

10 45 11 M A D J 2 A B 3 N B M Ⅳ. 考察 1. 当時の授乳女性の乳汁分泌と身体性 13 J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

11 , , , 1999 Judith, 1990/ 授乳継続への積極的思考と行動をもたらしたもの 4 5, , 2003, 母乳哺育をとりまく人々と授乳女性へのかかわり

12 , 1973/ 母乳哺育を通じた母親としての肯定的な自己概念の再形成 Rubin, 1984/1997 Reece, / Winnicott1957/1885 Ⅴ. 結論 1 謝辞 J. Jpn. Acad. Midwif., Vol. 21, No. 2,

13 文献 , 13(12), , 47(1), Hill, P, Humenick, S. et al. (1997). Effects of parity and weaning practices on breastfeeding duration, Public Health Nursing, 14(4), Judith Goldsmith (1990) , 47 (1), WHO Reece, SM. (1992). The parent expectations survey: A measure of perceived self efficacy, Clinical Nursing Research. 1 (4), Rubin, R. (1984) , 46(1), Winnicott, D.W. (1957)

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The Journal of the Japan Academy of Nursing Administration and Policies Vol. 16, No. 1, PP 45-56, 2012 Factors Related to Career Continuation among Nurses Raising Children Mayumi Iwashita 1) Masayo Takada