Vol pp Quarterly Journal of Geography I km E. Jackson St. San Jose Nihonmachi San Jose s Japantown

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1 Vol pp Quarterly Journal of Geography I km E. Jackson St. San Jose Nihonmachi San Jose s Japantown

2 San Jose Nihonmachi Hirabayashi 1977 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004 Fukuda and Pearce ;

3 : 1905 III Tokio Ishikawa Ben Pease 1940 Japanese American Daily News directory, II Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 25 ; SJCI, 1985, p ,000 Hirabayashi, 1977, p , pp

4 Market St. San Fernando St. Yu, 2012, pp SJIC, 1985, pp ; Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, pp ; 2013, p. 73 Heinlen, J. E. Taylor St. N. Sixth St. N. Seventh St. Heinlenville , p Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p , :

5 : : Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p Fukuda Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p

6 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p L

7 : L L N. Fifth St : Ishikawa, Tokio : San Jose Japantown , Notes to the Guide Map 121

8 : , p WRA Hirabayashi, 1977, pp Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p L

9 : The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose 1983 Neighborhood Business District Program ; Sakamoto, 2004, p. 4 ; 2013, pp

10 , : 1950 ; Y. Uchida 80% RASJ, 1996, p. 1 RASJ, 1996, p , p

11 : : :

12 : III

13 : L Benjamin Peckham John Crummy Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, pp , p JCCsj 127

14 , pp Tamon Norimoto PJ Hirabayashi Jimi Yamaichi Stephen Fugita U.S. House, Congress, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization : Japanese Immigration Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, 66th Congress, Washington Government Printing Office, 1921 Arno Press, 1978, pp San Jose Japantown : Map compiled by Dr. Tokio Ishikawa, 1996, and Notes to the Guide Map 3 Pease 4 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p E. Empire St. N. Third St Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p Yu 2012, pp Carey & Co. Inc. 2004, p

15 : 9 New World Sun Year Book Carey & Co. Inc., p Revitalization Strategy San Jose Japantown, City of San Jose, Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose, Jackson - Taylor Neighborhood Advisory Committee, and Jakson - Taylor Business and Professional Association p Stephen Fugita Tamon Norimoto 2010 : 11, : 12, : : : 1940 : 1994 : 46, : 48, : 59, : 63, : 65, : Carey & Co. Inc : San Jose Japantown Historic Context and Reconnaissance Survey. San Jose, Calif. Fukuda, C. and R.M. Pearce 2014 : San Jose Japantown : A Journey. Japanese American Museum of San Jose, San Jose, Calif. Hirabayashi, P.J.N : San Jose Nihonmachi. MA Thesis Urban Planning, San Jose State University. RASJ 1996 : Final Relocation Study and Plan : Miraido Housing/Retail Project. The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose RASJ, San Jose, Calif. Sakamoto, K.M : Japantown San Jose Preservation and Development. Senate Bill 307 San Jose Japantown Report. Japantown Preservation and Development, San Jose, Calif. SJCI 1985 : With Liberty and Justice for All : The Story of San Jose s Japanese Community. The City of San Jose Commission on the Internment of Local Japanese Americans SJCI, San Jose, Calif. Yu, C.Y : Chinatown San Jose, U.S.A. 4th Edition, History San José, San Jose, Calif. 129

16 Historical Development of San Jose s Japantown : Focusing on its Changing Spatial Arrangements Tadashi SUGIURA* The objectives of this paper are 1 to examine the historical changes in the spatial arrangements of San Jose s Japantown San Jose Nihonmachi, a Japanese urban ethnic business enclave in California, and 2 to consider its geographical and historical nature and the reason for its persistence up to the present. San Jose s Japantown first took place in the Chinatown area of San Jose as a small cultural and economic hub for the outlying Japanese farm laborers in the late nineteenth century Santa Clara Valley. By the early 1910s, it had grown to a sizable integrated enclave of Japanese coethnic businesses and community organizations, and it had continued to exist as a bustling ethnic town until the outbreak of the Pacific War, even though it may have slightly declined in the 1930s. Within a few years after the wartime internment, large number of Japanese Americans resettled in the San Jose area, and by the mid s San Jose s Japantown regained as many business establishments as there were in prewar days. Nowadays, it is thriving as an ethnic town with retail establishments, particularly Japanese restaurants, service industry offices, as well as community - based facilities. The number of these facilities does not seem to largely exceed that of the prewar Japantown. In general, this Japantown seems to stagnate at the stage of small - scale local hub for Japanese Americans in the area without drastic changes in its built environment. It is well known that, while many Japantowns in California failed to exist as ethnic towns after World War II, San Francisco s Japantown and Los Angeles Little Tokyo have regenerated as substantial Japanese ethnic business enclaves through the large - scale redevelopment processes from the late 1960s to the 1970s. Why only San Jose s Japantown has remained without such large - scale urban renewal? The following factors may explain the reason for this ; 1 the external factors such as the comparatively tranquil relationships with the host society, the lack of powerful urban planning which may destroy the ethnic communities, and the policy of the Redevelopment Agency of San Jose which tend to lay emphasis on the collaboration with local communities, and 2 the internal factors such as the collaborative efforts of the Japantown community as shown by the formation of the Japantown Community Congress of San Jose, a comprehensive umbrella organization of the Japantown area. Key words : ethnic town, Japantown, San Jose, spatial arrangements Iwate University, lecturer 130

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3†ı™Ï49-66 1 1990 2 19 20 40 3 1990 4 heritage tourism 5 6 1990 2000 7 1990 Japantown 2 1906 8 1869 1880 9 1906 20 1924 10 1920 30 5000 200 11 1941 12 7 9066 12 internment camp 1950 60 8000 6000 12 13 14 1965 1990