Flat Panel Detectors Computed Radiography 1415 原著 直接型および間接型 Flat Panel Detectors と Computed Radiography における物理的画質評価を利用した画質同一化の試み 論文受付 2011 年 5 月 22 日
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1 1415 原著 直接型および間接型 Flat Panel Detectors と Computed Radiography における物理的画質評価を利用した画質同一化の試み 論文受付 2011 年 5 月 22 日 論文受理 2011 年 10 月 6 日 Code No. 522 横井知洋 1) 高田忠徳 1) 2) 市川勝弘 1) 金沢大学附属病院放射線部 2) 金沢大学医薬保健研究域保健学系 緒言 X computed radiography CR flat panel detector FPD FPD X X CR imaging plate; IP X CR FPD FPD FPD 1, 2 contrast-detail CD 3 7 Investigation of Image Quality Identification Utilizing Physical Image Quality Measurement in Direct- and Indirect-type of Flat Panel Detectors and Computed Radiography Tomohiro Yokoi, 1) Tadanori Takata, 1) and Katsuhiro Ichikawa 2) 1) Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Hospital 2) Kanazawa University Medicine Health Study Area, Health Studies System Received May 22, 2011; Revision accepted October 6, 2011; Code No. 522 Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate image quality identification methods among direct- and indirect-type flat panel detectors (FPDs) and a computed radiography (CR) system using two radiation qualities RQA3 and RQA5 defined in the IEC standard. For each system, the digital characteristic curve, the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF), and the normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS) were measured. Images for a burger phantom and a foot-bone phantom were processed by resolution identification utilizing two-dimensional Fourier transform, and then contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for each image was measured. For the RQA3, the direct FPD system indicated the highest DQE value, and for the RQA5 DQE value of indirect FPD system, it was a little higher than that of direct FPD system. The CNR results with the resolution identification displayed good accordance with the DQE results in both phantoms. From the DQE results, dose ratios for image quality identification were determined, and the CNRs of the dose-adjusted images were measured. The results for, the CNRs of all systems showed good coincidence. From these findings, they indicated that the DQE measurement is effective to determine the exposure parameters for equalizing the image quality of different types of radiographic systems. Key words: flat panel detector (FPD), computed radiography (CR), detective quantum efficiency (DQE), frequency-processing factor (FP), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
2 1416 FPD FPD FPD CR presampled modulation transfer function presampled MTF normalized noise power spectrum NNPS detective quantum efficiency DQE CNR; contrast-to-noise ratio SD SD DQE presampled MTF NNPS SID 1-2 Presampled MTF IEC DQE MTF 1 mm mm C/kg 1 mr edge spread function; ESF line spread function LSF presampled MTF 2 1. 方法 FPD BR-120F 150 μm FPD Siemens AXIOM Aristos MX 143 μm CR CR Konica Minolta REGIUS μm IEC International Electrotechnical Commission RQA3 50 kv RQA5 70 kv Presampled MTF NNPS RQA X source-image receptor distance; SID 200 cm X 30 cm Radcal model RQA5 mas mas mas region of interest ROI ROI NNPS IEC C/kg MTF RQA3 RQA ROI 2 NNPS ROI NNPS 1-4 DQE DQE 2 MTF (,) uv DQE(,) uv = NNPS(,) uv q 1 X q IEC mm 1 10 mm mm 1 RQA3 RQA
3 C/kg 1 mr DQE DQE DQE DQE DQE DQE 12 MTF FPD MTF FPD frequency-processing factor; FP 12 MTF FPD MTF MTF DFPD FPD MTF MTF IFPDFP FP=MTF IFPD/MTF DFPD2 FP Fig. 1 FP CNR CNR CNR 13 ROI 8.5 mm 1 mm Fig. 1 Outline of the creation of phantom images with equivalent resolution. CNR=(ROI s ROI B)/SD B3 ROI s ROI ROI B ROI SD B ROI CNR ROI FPD CNR 2 CNR ROI ROI 0 0 CNR SD SD SD SD
4 1418 Fig. 2 Results of digital characteristic curves. (a) Direct FPD, (b) Indirect FPD, (c) CR a b Fig. 3 Results of presampled MTFs. (a) RQA3, (b) RQA5 SD 1/ cycle/mm 3 DQE DQE 1 2 DQE NEQ NNPS DQE CR μgy 15 CR μgy FPD μgy 16 NNPS FPD CR NNPS DQE 17 DQE DQE 2. 結果 2-1 Fig. 2 CR X 1024 FPD X Presampled MTF Fig. 3 RQA3 RQA5 presampled MTF CR 67 11
5 1419 a b Fig. 4 Results of NNPS. (a) RQA3, (b) RQA5 a b Fig. 5 Results of DQE. (a) RQA3, (b) RQA5 a b Fig. 6 Frequency-processing factors for equalizing CR s resolution to those of (a) Direct FPD and (b) Indirect FPD. FPD FPD RQA3 RQA5 FPD FPD CR CR FPD RQA3 RQA5 MTF MTF 2-3 NNPS Fig. 4 RQA3 RQA5 NNPS MTF CR RQA3 RQA5 FPD CR FPD CR 2-4 DQE Fig. 5 RQA3 RQA5 DQE RQA3 FPD DQE RQA5 FPD DQE FPD FPD CR 2-5 FP RQA3 RQA5 MTF FP RQA3 Fig. 3a RQA3 MTF CR FPD FPD FP Fig. 6 FPD MTF CR FP 1 FPD CR FP 1
6 1420 Fig. 7 The hole images for measuring CNR obtained by radiation quality RQA3. (a) CR: reference image, (b) Direct FPD: reference image, (c) CR: standard dose ( C/kg), (d) CR: 2.55 times the standard dose, (e) Indirect FPD: standard dose, (f) Indirect FPD: 1.27 times the standard dose, (g) Direct FPD: standard dose FP CR MTF FPD FPD FPD FPD FPD FPD 1.0 cycle/mm 2 cycles/mm DQE RQA3 DQE FPD FPD FPD 1.0 cycle/mm DQE cycles/mm FPD CNR SD mas 1.27 CR FPD 1.0 cycle/mm DQE cycles/mm 4.50 CR DQE CR CNR SD mas 2.55 RQA5 DQE FPD FPD FPD 1.0 cycle/mm DQE cycles/mm FPD CNR SD CR FPD 1.0 cycle/mm DQE cycles/mm 4.74 RQA CR CNR SD mas Fig. 7 RQA3 a b CR FPD c e g CR FPD FPD C/kg d CR 2.55 f FPD 1.27 Fig. 8 Fig. 7 c g CNR CNR FPD FPD CR DQE 2.55 CR 1.27 FPD FPD Fig. 9 Fig. 7 RQA5 a b CR FPD c e g CR FPD FPD C/kg d CR
7 1421 Fig. 8 Results of CNR of the hole images obtained by radiation quality RQA3. Fig. 9 The hole images for measuring CNR obtained by radiation quality RQA5. (a) CR: reference image, (b) Direct FPD: reference image, (c) CR: standard dose ( C/kg), (d) CR: 2.81 times the standard dose, (e) Direct FPD: standard dose, (f) Direct FPD: 1.11 times the standard dose, (g) Indirect FPD: standard dose Fig. 10 Results of CNR of the hole images obtained by radiation quality RQA5. f FPD 1.11 Fig. 10 Fig. 9 c g CNR CNR FPD FPD CR DQE 2.81 CR FPD 1.11 FPD FPD Fig. 11 RQA3 1 a b CR FPD c e g CR FPD FPD C/kg d CR 2.55 f FPD 1.27 Fig. 12 Fig. 11 c g SD SD FPD FPD CR DQE
8 1422 日本放射線技術学会雑誌 Fig. 11 The phantom images of distal phalanx of the first toe which obtained by radiation quality RQA3 and processed by the high-pass filter. (a) CR: reference image, (b) Indirect FPD: reference image, (c) CR: standard dose ( C/kg), (d) CR: 2.55 times the standard dose, (e) Indirect FPD: standard dose, (f) Indirect FPD: 1.27 times the standard dose, (g) Direct FPD: standard dose Fig. 12 Results of SD-ratio of the phantom images of the distal phalanx of the first toe which is obtained by radiation quality RQA3. Fig. 13 The phantom images of the distal phalanx of the first toe which was obtained by radiation quality RQA5 and processed by a high-pass filter. (a) CR: reference image, (b) Indirect FPD: reference image, (c) CR: standard dose ( C/kg), (d) CR: 2.81 times the standard dose, (e) Direct FPD: standard dose, (f) Direct FPD: 1.11 times the standard dose, (g) Indirect FPD: standard dose した 線量を 2.55 倍にして撮影した CR では SD 比 高い順に 間接型 FPD 直接型 FPD CR となり 高 が上昇したが 線量を 1.27 倍にした間接型 FPD に比 周波領域における DQE の順位と一致した 線量を べて低値となった Fig. 13 は Fig. 11 と同じ足ファン 2.81 倍にして撮 影した CR では SD 比が 上 昇した トムの RQA5 における画像である a および b は が 線量を 1.11 倍にした直接型 FPD に比べて低値と CR および間接型 FPD で得られた解像特性同一化前 なった の画像 c e および g は CR 直接型 FPD およ び間接型 FPD で得られた基準線量 C/kg 3 考 察 での画像 d は CR の線量を基準線量の 2.81 倍にし 物理的画質特性の測定結果において 三つのシス た画像 f は直接型 FPD の線量を基準線量の 1.11 テムはそれぞれ異なる特性を示した MTF について 倍にした画像である Fig. 14 は Fig. 13 に示した c は直接型 FPD が優れ X 線を直接電荷に変換する直 から g の画像における SD 比の結果である SD 比の 接変換型の特性がよく表れた結果となった また 第 67 卷 第 11 号
9 1423 Fig. 14 Results of SD-ratio of the phantom images of the distal phalanx of the first toe which is obtained by radiation quality RQA5. RQA3 RQA5 MTF MTF kv NNPS FPD MTF MTF 18 RQA3 RQA5 NNPS CR FPD FPD RQA5 MTF FPD kv X 70 kv FPD CsI Cs I K kev kev 19 DQE RQA3 FPD RQA5 FPD CNR DQE Fig DQE MTF NNPS MTF DQE 20 DQE DQE computed tomography 12 CNR DQE CNR SD RQA3 RQA5 CR SD RQA5 FPD CNR 1.0 cycle/mm DQE DQE X DQE
10 1424 DQE DQE RQA5 FPD FPD CR DQE FPD 2 3 RQA3 2.0 cycles/mm DQE FPD 100 FPD 81.6 CR 22.2 FPD CR SD Fig. 11 DQE CR 5 Ranger 17 CR DQE CR DQE CR DQE FPD CR FPD CR 4. 結語 FPD FPD CR RQA3 RQA5 DQE DQE 2 3 謝辞 参考文献 1 Obenauer S, Luftner-Nagel S, von Heyden D, et al. Screen film vs full-field digital mammography: image quality, detectability and characterization of lesions. Eur Radiol 2002; 12(7): Hermann KP, Obenauer S, Funke M, et al. Magnification mammography: a comparison of full-field digital mammography and screen-film mammography for the detection of simulated small masses and microcalcifications. Eur Radiol 2002; 12(9): FPD 2006; 62 (3): ; 60(3): Ideguchi T, Higashida Y, Kawaji Y, et al. New CR system with pixel size of 50 microm for digital mammography: physical imaging properties and detection of subtle microcalcifications. Radiat Med 2004; 22(4): Matsumoto M, Yamazaki T, Nokita M, et al. Physical imaging properties and low-contrast performance of a newly developed flat-panel digital radiographic system. 2005; 61(12): Suryanarayanan S, Karellas A, Vedantham S, et al. Flatpanel digital mammography system: contrast-detail comparison between screen-film radiographs and hard-copy images. Radiology 2002; 225(3): IEC Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment-radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics,
11 1425 9Innervision 2003; 18(10): IEC Medical electrical equipment, Characteristics of digital X-ray imaging devices, Part 1: Determination of the detective quantum efficiency, Excel MTF Innervision 2004; 19(1): CT 2006; 62(4): CR 2005; 61(11): CT 2007; 24 (3): Rivetti S, Lanconelli N, Campanini R, et al. Comparison of different commercial FFDM units by means of physical characterization and contrast-detail analysis. Med Phys 2006; 33(11): X 2010: Ranger NT, Samei E, Dobbins JT 3rd, et al. Measurement of the detective quantum efficiency in digital detectors consistent with the IEC standard: practical considerations regarding the choice of filter material. Med Phys 2005; 32(7): ; 66(11): : Computed Radiography 2009; 109(3): 図表の説明 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 a FPD b FPD c CR Presampled MTF a RQA3 b RQA5 NNPS a RQA3 b RQA5 DQE a RQA3 b RQA5 CR a FPD b FPD FP RQA3 CNR a CRb FPDc CR C/kg d CR 2.55 e FPD f FPD 1.27 g FPD RQA3 CNR RQA5 CNR a CRb FPDc CR C/kg d CR 2.81 e FPD f FPD 1.11 g FPD RQA5 CNR RQA3 high-pass filter 1 a CRb FPDc CR C/kg d CR 2.55 e FPD f FPD 1.27 g FPD RQA3 1 SD RQA5 high-pass filter 1 a CRb FPDc CR C/kg d CR 2.81 e FPD f FPD 1.11 g FPD RQA5 1 SD
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