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1 Learning Strategy

2 18 2. strategy Færch and Kasper (1938) declarative knowledge procedural knowledge 2 social process cognitive process learning process using process learning strategy 2003 Rubin 1987 Wenden 1987

3 19 Oxford 1990 O Malley and Chamot Cohen Garden & Lambert 1972 good language learner Rubin O Malley 1985 Oxford 1990 O Malley 26 3 Oxford Direct Strategies Indirect Strategies 3 Oxford SILL Strategy Inventory for Language Learning Oxford 1990

4 20 a. : / b. : c. : d. : a. : b. : c. : d. : a. : b. : a. : b. : c. : a. : b. :

5 21 c. : a. : b. : c. : good language learner Dickinson 1993 Oxford Oxford 1990 SILL % 4

6 22 9 Oxford 1990 SILL SILL 4 Oxford 1 1 SILL SILL 6 1 2) b 2 2) d 3 3) a 4 2) b 5 2) c 6 3) a 7 3) a 8 6) a 9 6) a 10 6) a 11 1) a 12 1) a 13 1) b 14 1) b 15 1) b 16 1) c 17 1) d 18 1) d 19 2) a 20 2) c 21 1) b 22 1) c 23 4) b 24 4) b

7 ) b 26 4) b 27 4) c 28 4) c 29 6) c 30 2) d 31 3) a 32 4) a 33 4) b 34 2) b 35 3) b 36 3) b 37 3) b 38 4) c 39 6) a 40 2) a 41 2) a 42 3) b 43 3) b 44 3) b 45 4) a 46 4) c 47 4) a 48 4) b 49 6) b 50 6) c 51 4) b 52 4) b 53 4) c 54 4) a 55 4) a 56 4) b 57 4) c 58 6) b 59 6) b 60 6) c

8 A B / / :19.38 : :13 2 :1 :2 / 11 / :12.20 : :8 2 :3 :4 / 27 / :15.90 : :21 2 :4 : A B

9 25 A B A B A B A 16 B : A B A B A B A B A B A B P

10 S S S S S S 57 3 : / S S S S S S 33 4 A : / S S S S S S 24 5 B : /150

11 A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

12 28 6 A B B A B Oxford a. Creating Mental Linkages b. Applying Images and Sounds c. Reviewing Well d. Employing Actions meaning

13 a 1 b 1 c 1 d A B A B A B A B SILL / / / / / / /

14 O Malley a 2 b 2 c 2 d A B A B A B A B a. Practicing b. Receiving Sending c. Analyzing Reasoning d. Creating

15 31 skimming scanning b. c. target language interlanguage a. Guessing b. 8 3 a A B b A B

16 32 Overcoming inferencing Communication Strategy Oxford 1990 A B 3.a 3.b 4.4 indirect

17 a. Centering Your Learning b. Arranging and Planning Your Learning c. Evaluating Your Learning 3 Oxford : + + P 4 a A 25 7 B b A B c A B a 4 b 4 c A B A B A B

18 34 A B 4.c 9 good language learner A B B 34.00% A 18.75% 2 A 12.50% B 6.00% 2 A 100% 90% 12.50% 6.00% 80% 24.67% 70% 30.63% 60% 50% 40% 38.12% 35.33% 30% 20% 34.00% 10% 18.75% 0% A B 7

19 35 B B B Brown 1987 Oxford 10 a. Lowering Your Anxiety b. Encouraging Yourself c. Taking Your Emotional Temperature 3 Naiman 1975 Wenden Motivation Dőrnyei and Ottó 1998 Dőrnyei process-oriented approach

20 a 5 b 5 c A B A B A B dynamic Oxford a. Asking Questions b. Cooperating with Others c. Empathizing with Others role model positive interdependence

21 37 Kagan 1986, Kohn 1987 Reid 1987, O Malley a 6 b 6 c A B A B A B

22 38 5. Oxford

23 39 (1992) Brown, H. D Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, Prentice Hall Regents. Cohen, A. D Strategies in learning and using a second language, Addison Wesley Longman. Dickinson, L Aspects of autonomous learning. ELT Journal, 47(4), D rnyei, Z Motivation in action: Toward a process-oriented conceptualization of student motivation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, D rnyei, Z Teaching and Researching Motivation, Longman. D rnyei, Z. and I. Ottó Motivati on in action: A process model of L2 motivation. Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, 4, Færch, C. and Kasper, G Procedural knowledge as a component of foreign language learner s competence. In H. Boete and W. Herrlitz (eds.), Kommunikation im (Sprash-) Unterricht. Urecht. Garden, R. & Lambert, W Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Newbury House Kagan, S Cooperative learning and sociocultural factors in schooling, In Beyond Language: Social and cultural factors in schooling language minority students, Kohn, A. (1987) It s hard to get out of a pair. Psychology Today, Octorber, Naiman, N., Frőhlich, M., & Todesco, A The good second language learner. TESL Talk, 6(1), J.V : ( J.V. ) 1990 O Malley, J. M, Chamot, A.U., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Russo, R., and Kupper, L. (1985) Learning strategy applications with students of English as a second language. TESOL Quarterly, 19, Oxford, R. L Language Learning Strategies, Newbury House.

24 40 Reid, J. M The learning style preferences of ESL students. TESOL Quarterly, 21, Rubin, J What the good language learner can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9, Rubin, J Studying Learning Strategies. In Wenden, A.L. & Rubin, J. (eds.) Learning Strategies in Language Learning. Englewood Cliff, Prentice Hall Regents Wenden, A. L What do second-language learners know about their language learning? A second look at retrospective accounts. Applied Linguistics, 7(2), Wenden, A. L Conceptual background and utility. In Wenden, A.L. & Rubin, J. (eds.) Learning Strategies in Language Learning, Prentice Hall Regents.

Ellis 1970 Oxford (1990) SILL(Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) (Rubin, 1975; Naiman, Fröhlich, Stern, & Todesco, 1978)Rubin(1975) verbal-repo

Ellis 1970 Oxford (1990) SILL(Strategy Inventory for Language Learning) (Rubin, 1975; Naiman, Fröhlich, Stern, & Todesco, 1978)Rubin(1975) verbal-repo No.7,689-700 (2006) Second Language Acquisition and Learning Strategies MOTOKI Yoshiko Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies Recently, in an area of studying a foreign language,

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