Aharonov-Bohm(AB) S 0 1/ 2 1/ 2 S t = 1/ 2 1/2 1/2 1/, (12.1) 2 1/2 1/2 *1 AB ( ) 0 e iθ AB S AB = e iθ, AB 0 θ 2π ϕ = e ϕ (ϕ ) ϕ

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1 Aharonov-BohmAB) S 1/ 1/ S t = 1/ 1/ 1/ 1/, 1.1) 1/ 1/ *1 AB ) e iθ AB S AB = e iθ, AB θ π ϕ = e ϕ ϕ ) ϕ 1.) S S ) e iθ S w = e iθ 1.3) θ θ AB??) S t = 4 sin θ 1 + e iθ AB e iθ AB + e iθ 3e iθ ) 1.4) [1]??) )T = t ϕ 1.1b) ϕ AB θ π t ϕ = S 1.) Onsager 1.4) ϕ θ π ϕ / θ ϕ π AB phase rigidity) [] AB AB * *1 * [3] Onsager 1-1

2 a 1 =1 b 1 S t b a b 3 S AB S w a 4 b 4 a 5 S t b 6 a 6 = a) a 3 b 5 c) / / 1. t b) d) =.4 / a)ab S b) 1.4) AB t θ ) ϕ/ϕ c)b) d) ϕ/ϕ ϕ AB θ = 1.6 π Ch. 5 Hall Hall 1979 von Klitzing σ xy von Klitzing Hall 6 7 QHE von Klitzing Fractional Quantum Hall Effect, FQHE) [6] 1-

3 ) 1 DEG Intger Quantum Hall Effect, IQHE) 1.1 Shubnikov-de Haas DEG - Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation, SdH ) DEG 1. 5 Resistivity Ohm /sq.) DEG 45mK 4.1. B T) BT) 1. DEG SdH ρ ρ av)/b 5 Resisitivity Ohm/sq.) DEG 45mK /B 1/T) SdH 1/B 1-3

4 1.3.8 DEG 5mK ν=1 R Hall h/e ).6.4 ν= B T) R xx h/e ) ν = 1 SdH 1.3 1/B) 1/B SdH 1. SdH R xy = R H SdH SdH R Hp n) = R q n n ) 1.5) n 1.5) R q /n R xx IQHE 1.4 IQHE R H h/e ) IQHE h/e 7 h/e 1 Klizting : ) ) e ) Zeeman ) 1-4

5 .8.8 NIST.84 RK 581 ) CSIRO/G.U. CSIRO/BIPM NIST Muhfs) NIM IMS/IMM NIST LCIE NPL CSIRO ETL [R / ]x1 K 1.5 IQHE h/e σ 1 1 R K Klitzing).1 B Lorentz ev B m r = ev B 1.6) Lagrangian A L = m v ea v 1.7) canonical momentum)p c p c = L ṙ = mv ea 1.8), guiding center) R = X, Y ) r = R + r cosω c t), sinω c t)) 1.9) ω c eb m, r v ω c 1.1) R E 1.6) Lorentz ee + v B) E / B. Ehrenfest ) 1-5

6 H = m v = p c + ea) m π m = π x + π y m, 1.11) π p c + ea 1.1) dynamical momentum) π π x π y [π α, β] = i δ αβ, α, β = x, y 1.13) l magnetic length) [π x, π y ] = i l 1.14) l eb 1.15) X, Y ) ˆR ˆr ˆr = ˆR + l π y, π x ) 1.16) ˆR 1.9) 1.9) v π x π y [X, Y ] = il 1.17) Hamiltonian X, Y ) X, Y ) 1.17) X Y r, p c ) R π 1.14) 1.17) x y ) 1.11) π Ur) H = H + Ur) ˆR Heisenberg Ẋ = i [H, X] = i Ẏ = i [H, Y ] = i [ ] Ur), x + l π y = l U y, [ ] Ur), y l π x = l U x 1.18a) 1.18b) x Ur) = eex, ) Ẏ = l / )ee = E/B y E/B 1-6

7 ) π *3 a = l π x iπ y ), a = l π x + iπ y ) 1.19) [a, a ] = 1 1.) H = ω c a a + 1 ) 1.1) 1.19) E n = ω c n + 1 ) n =, 1,, ) 1.) Landau) πr AB π r k B πr e ) 1 k = π h ω c m 1 mv ) ω c = π k ω c m n n + 1)π 1.3) k m = E k = ω c n + 1) 1.4) 1.) ω c /.4 R 1.11) 1.) R R R X Y 1.) X Y X, Y ) X, Y ) X, Y ) ) q ) X, Y ) ξ ξ *3 π x π y p /m + mω x / 1-7

8 a Schrödinger X Y.4.1 A =, Bx, ) Schrödinger [ 1 m = 1 m i x + y ) ] + ebx ψr) [ i ebx y + e B x ] ψr) = Eψr) 1.5) y / y ) y ψr) = ux) expiky) expiky) [ d m dx + eb) m x + ) ] eb k ux) = [ m d dx + mω c ] x + l k) ux) = Eux) 1.6) x = l k ) x xk ψ Nk r) H N exp x x k) ) l l expiky) x k l k) 1.7) H N N Hermite X = x k = l k = l p y / X y X Y X Y 1.7) y ) y X y E/ k = X/ k X y.4. A = By/, Bx/, ) r, φ, z) A = A φ, A r, A z ) = Br/,, ) Schrödinger 1 [ m r + 1 r r + 1 ) r φ i eb φ + e B r ] ψr, φ) = Eψr, φ). 1.8) 4 φ ψr, φ) = vr) expim j φ) φ [ m d dr + 1 r ) ] d + m j dr mr mω c r + m j ω c vr) = Evr). 1.9) 1-8

9 L E Nmj = ω c N + m j + m j + 1 ), 1.3) ψr, φ) = 1 expim j φ)v Nmj r), v Nmj r) = 1 l N! N m j )! exp r 4l ) ) mj ) r L m j r 1.31) N l l m j ) R X + Y ) X = x + π y, Y = y π x, mω c mω [ ] c X + Y = 1 π x + πy + yp x xp y ) mω c mω c = l n m j + 1/). = l [ l π + yp ] x xp y 1.3) X + Y X + Y > m j n [1] Y. Gefen, Y. Imry, and M. Ya. Azbel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, ). [] A. Yacoby, R. Schuster, and M. Heiblum, Phys. Rev. B 53, ). [3] A. Aharony, O. Entin-Wohlman, T. Otsuka, H. Aikawa, S. Katsumoto and K. Kobayashi, Phys. Rev. B 73, ). [4] K. von Klitzing, G. Dorda and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, ). [5] S. Kawaji and J. Wakabayashi, in Physics in High Magnetic Fields, eds. S. Chikazumi and N. Miura Springer, Berlin 1981). [6] D. J. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. P. Nightingale, and M. den Nijs, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, ). [7], 1995) [8], 1998). [9] L r, φ) r, φ) [ m r + 1 r r + 1 ) r φ + mω ] r ψ = Eψ. r φ L.1) ψr, φ) = ζr)ϕφ). L.) 1-9

10 φ ψ χ = expilφ) L.) L.1) ζ [ d m dr + 1 ) d r dr l r + mω ] r ζr) = Eζr) L.3) l l l l ζ *4 r ρ mω/ r *5 fρ) ζ = ρ l e ρ / fρ). L.4) e ρ /??) ρ ρ l ρ L.3) f d ) f l + 1 df dρ + ρ + λ l 1)f = ρ dρ L.5) E = ωλ s = ρ s d f df + l + 1 s) ds ds + 1 λ 1 l)f = L.6) s λ 1 l = n r n r =, 1,, ) L.7) n r Laguerre) L l n r+l s) E = ωλ = ωl + n r + 1) L.8) l + n r = n t ω *6 ψ nr,lr, φ) e ilφ r l e mω/ )r L l n r +l mω r). L.9) *4 *5 ω/ ) *6 ) 1-1

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