YAMAMOTO A and TAMURA T. Changes of thermoregulation during the menstrual cycle. Jpn. J. Biometeor., 35: 45-52, The effects of the human menstr

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1 YAMAMOTO A and TAMURA T. Changes of thermoregulation during the menstrual cycle. Jpn. J. Biometeor., 35: 45-52, The effects of the human menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory responses were examined on eight healthy women in a climatic chamber controlled at 28 Ž and 50% r.h. The physiological and psychological responses of each subject were measured in the three stages of her menstrual cycle : luteal phase(l), menstrual phase(m) and follicular phase(f). Rectal and oral temperatures were higher in L than in M and F (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the metabolic rate, but the mean value was slightly higher in L than in the other two phases.weight loss due to perspiration in L was the lowest of all (p < 0.01). Mean skin temperature was higher in L than in M(p <0.05), but not significantly different between L and F. This is because skin temperature of the trunk regions was higher in L than in F, whereas skin temperature of the peripheral regions was lower in L than in F. As for thermal sensation, most subjects felt cooler in L than in F and M, dispite no change in the environment. These results show that the menstrual cycle affects both thermoregulation and thermal sensation in women. Key words: Menstrual cycle, Skin temperature, Thermoregulation, Thermal sensation, Insensible perspiration Faculty of Home Economics, Bunka Women's University Correspondence Address: Teruko TAMURA, Faculty of Home Economics, Bunka Women's University, Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo

2 Table 1. Physical characteristics of the subjects *S.E.: standard error.

3 Fig. 1 Measuring regions of skin temperature. Table 2. Scales for thermal and comfortable sensation

4 Fig. 2 Changes of rectal and oral temperature during menstrual cycle. Values are means }SE. Datum marked with was obtained from the experimental data of four subjects. **p < 0.01, *p < Fig. 3 Changes of metabolic rate during menstrual cycle. Values are means }S.E. Fig. 4 Changes of weight loss during menstrual cycle. Values are means }S.E. **p< 0.01.

5 Fig. 5-1 Distributions of skin temperature of front human body during menstrual cycle. Values are means }S.E. ** p <0.01, *p < Fig. 5-2 Distributions of skin temperature of back human body during menstrual cycle. Values are means } S.E. ** p < 0.01, *p <0.05.

6 (50) 山本顕子田村照子 Fig. 6-1 Thermograms of front human body during menstrual cycle (Subject G). Fig. 6-2 Thermograms of back human body during menstrual cycle (Subject G).

7 Fig. 7 Changes of mean skin temperature during menstrual cycle. Values are means }S.E. *p < Fig. 8 Changes of thermal and comfortable sensation during menstrual cycle. Values are means } S.E. *p < 0.05.

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8 BITTEL, B.J. and HENANE, R. (1975) : Comparison of thermal exchanges in men and women under neutral and hot conditions. J. Physiol., 250: BUXTON, CL. and ATKINSON W.B. (1948) : Hormonal factors involved in the regulation of basal body temperature during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J. Glin. Endocrinol., 8: CAGNACCI, A., SOLDANI, R., LAUGHLIN, G.A. and YEN, S.S.C. (1996) : Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin. J. Appl. Physiol., 80: CUNNINGHAM, D.J. and CABANAC, M. (1971) : Evidence from behavioral thermoregulatory responses of a shift in setpoint temperature related to the menstrual cycle.j. Physiol. (Paris), 63: DALVIT, S.P. (1981) : The effect of the menstrual cycle on patterns of food intake. Am. J. Glin. Nutr., 34: FRASCAROLO, P., SCHUTZ, Y. and JEQUIER, E. (1990): Decreased thermal conductance during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women.,j. Appl. Physiol., 69: FRASCAROLO, P., SCHUTZ, Y. and JEQUIER, E. (1992): Influence of the menstrual cycle on the sweating response measured by direct calorimetry in women exposed to warm environmental conditions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 64: FRYE, A.J., KAMON, E. and WEBS, M. (1982): Responses of menstrual women, amenorrheal women, and men to exercise in a hot, dry environment. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 48: GRAHAM, T.E., VISWANATHAN, M., VAN DIJK, J.P., BONEN, A. and GEORGE, J.C. (1989): Thermal and metabolic responses to cold by men and by eumenorrheic and amenorrheic women. J. Appl. Physiol., 67: HASLAG, S.W.M. and HERTZMAN, A.B. (1965): Temperature regulation in young women. J. Appl. Physiol., 20: HESSEMER, V. and BRð CK, K. (1985): Influence of menstrual cycle on shivering, skin blood flow, and sweating responses measured at night. J. Appl. Physiol., 59: HIRATA, K, NAGASAKA, T., HIRAI, A., HIRASHITA, M., TAEAHATA, T. and NUNOMURA, T. (1986): Effects of human menstrual cycle on thermoregulatory vasodilation during exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 54: HORVATH, S.M. and DRINKWATER, B.L. (1982): Thermoregulation and the menstrual cycle. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 53: KENSHALO, D.R. (1966): Changes in the cool threshold associated with phases of the menstrual cycle. J. Appl. Physiol., 21: KOLKA, M.A. and STEPHENSON, L.A. (1989) : Control of sweating during the human menstrual cycle. Eur. J. Appi. Physiol., 58: PIVARNIK, J.M., MARICHAL, C.J., SPILLMAN, T. and MARROW, J.R. Jr. (1992): Menstrual cycle phase affects temperature regulation during endurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol., 72: RUBENSTEIN, B.B. (1937): The relation of cyclic changes in human vaginal smears to body temperatures and basal metabolic rates. Am. J. Physiol., 119: SARGENT, F. II. and WEINMAN, K.P. (1966) : Eccrine sweat gland activity during the menstrual cycle. J. Appl. Physiol., 21: STEPHENSON, L.A., KOLKA, M.A. and WILKERSON, J.E. (1982): Metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to exercise during the human menstrual cycle. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 14: STEPHENSON, L.A. and KOLKA, M.A. (1985): Menstrual cycle phase and time of day alter reference signal controlling arm blood flow and sweating. Am. J. Physiol., 249: R186-R191. THORN, G.W., NELSON, K.R. and THORN, D.W. (1938): A study of the mechanism of edema associated with menstruation. Endocrinology, 22: WEBB, P. (1986) : 24-hour energy expenditure and the menstrual cycle. Am. J. Glin. Nutr., 44: WELLS, C.L. and HORVATH, S.M. (1973): Heat stress responses related the menstrual cycle. J. Appl. Physiol., 35:1-5.

Vol. 51 No (2000) Thermo-Physiological Responses of the Foot under C Thermal Conditions Fusako IWASAKI, Yuri NANAMEKI,* Tomoko KOSHIB

Vol. 51 No (2000) Thermo-Physiological Responses of the Foot under C Thermal Conditions Fusako IWASAKI, Yuri NANAMEKI,* Tomoko KOSHIB Vol. 51 No. 7 587-593 (2000) Thermo-Physiological Responses of the Foot under 22-34 C Thermal Conditions Fusako IWASAKI, Yuri NANAMEKI,* Tomoko KOSHIBA and Teruko TAMURA * Junior College Division, Bunka