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1 Sakai Hironobu PKO PKO PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO 2015 PKO No

2 1 PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO 4 PKO 7 5 PKO PKO 7 robust PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO 2008 PKO PKO 8 7 PKO PKO PKO PKO No

3 PKO 9 PKO PKO PKO PKO 2 PKO PKO 1990 PKO PKO 7 PKO 7 10 PKO 7 11 PKO 12 PKO PKO PKO 13 PKO PKO 14 PKO 15 No

4 16 PKO PKO 17 MONUSCO MINUSCA 18 PKO 2 PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO 1992 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO 5 PKO 5 PKO PKO 9 19 PKO 5 PKO PKO PKO No

5 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO UNTAC ONUMOZ MINUSTAH UNMISS 7 PKO PKO MINUSTAH UNMISS PKO 20 PKO PKO 5 PKO PKO PKO 5 PKO 3 1 PKO PKO PKO PKO 5 PKO PKO PKO 7 PKO 7 PKO No

6 PKO 21 2 PKO PKO PKO PKO 3 5 PKO PKO PKO 3 5 PKO PKO PKO 9 PKO No

7 9 PKO 25 PKO PKO PKO 5 PKO PKO PKO PKO 30 PKO 9 9 PKO PKO PKO 3 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO No

8 9 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO 3 2 UNHCR EU 31 PKO PKO 7 PKO 32 PKO 33 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO No

9 34 PKO 35 PKO PKO PKO 9 PKO PKO 38 PKO PKO PKO C PKO No

10 3 NHK PKO PKO robust PKO T. Tardy, A Critique of Robust Peacekeeping in Contemporary Peace Operations, International Peacekeeping, Vol , pp Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, UN Doc. A/55/305-S/2000/809, paras UN DPO/DFS, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines S. Sheeran, The Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, in M. Weller ed., The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law, Oxford U. P., 2015, pp A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, United Nations, 2004, pp , paras ; Cf. S. Wills, Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers, Oxford U. P., 2009, pp PKO AU H. Sakai, New Relationship between the United Nations and Regional Organizations in Peace and Security: A Case of the African Union, in S. Hamamoto, H. Sakai, and A. Shibata eds., L être situé, Effectiveness and Purposes of International Law. Essays in Honour of Professor Ryuichi Ida, Brill, 2015, pp MINUSTAH MONUSCO MINUSMA MINUSCA 15 MINUSMA K. Bannelier & T. Christakis, Under the UN Security Council s Watchful Eyes: Military Intervention by Invitation in the Malian Conflict, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol , pp A. J. Bellamy and Ch. T. Hunt, Twenty-first Century UN Peace Operations: Protection, Force and the Changing Security Environment, International Affairs, Vol , p UN Doc. S/RES/ , op. para. 9; UN Doc. S/RES/ , op. para. 32 f i. PKO PKO PKO PKO No

11 20 2 PKO MINUSTAH UNMISS PKO PKO 5 PKO 5 PKO H. Nasu, Japan s 2015 Security Legislation: Challenges to its Implementation under International Law, International Law Studies, Vol , p PKO PKO UN Secretary-General s Bulletin: Observance by United Nations Forces of International Humanitarian Law, UN Doc. ST/SGB/1999/ , Section 1, I N. D. White, Peacekeeping and International Law, in J. A. Koops, N. MacQueen, T. Tardy, and P. D. Williams eds., The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Oxford U.P., 2015, pp UNMISS PKO IGAD 4000 Regional Protection Force UNMISS robust action 7 UN Doc. S/RES/ , op. paras IGAD MONUSCO No

12 intervention brigade Communiqué of the 56th Extra-Ordinary Session of the IGAD Council of Ministers on the Situation in South Sudan. Nairobi, Kenya, 11th July 2016 PKO UN Doc. S/RES/ , op. para. 7 UNMISS 34 M. Milanovic, Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties: Law, Principles, and Policy, Oxford U.P., 2011, pp M. Tondini, Putting an End to Human Rights Violations by Proxy: Accountability of International Organizations and Member States in the Framework of Jus Post Bellum, in C. Stahn and J. K. Kleffner eds., Jus Post Bellum: Towards a Law of Transition From Conflict to Peace, T. M. C. Asser Press, 2008, pp Report of the High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations on Uniting Our Strengths for Peace: Politics, Partnership and Peace, UN Doc. A/70/95-S/2015/ sakai@law.kyoto-u.ac.jp No

1 1 a PKO b No

1 1 a PKO b No Kurosaki Masahiro PKO 1992 93 UNTAC 1994 2000 UNMOT 1 2007 2 2014 7 1 2015 9 19 PKO PKO PKO 3 5 26 PKO PKO PKO No. 648 2016 1 2 39 1 1 a 9 1 3 88 36 37 2 1 PKO 25 3 7 4 b 1 84 89 90 93 93 2 93 3 94 5 1

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