1 ( ) (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y
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1 1 ( ) (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y V : (1) P2 (3) : (3) [ X [ X [ X ] ] ] [ Y ] [ V2 ] (4)-(7) X, X, X [X, Y, V1 = ] (6a, b) (3) [V2 = ] [V2 = ] (6b) 1) (5) (4) X, Y, V2 = () a. P1: ** [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: [ X ] [ Y ] (5) X, Y, V2 = () 1) (6a) {,,... } V1 a. P1: * [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: [ X ] [ Y ] (6) X, Y, V1 = ( ) a.? [ X ] [ Y ] b. * [ X ] [ Y ] (7) X, Y, V2 = () a. P1: [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: * [ X ] [ Y ] : (6a, b) [V2: V2 = ]? ( (5) V2 = ) 2: (8) a. (6a) Y X (GET X WITH Y, BUY X FOR Y ) b. (6b) X Y (SPEND Y ON X, PAY Y FOR X )? 3: ( )? V1 V2? 4:
2 2 2? ( 4) : (9) P1/P2 () C V1 = V2 V1 = V2 a. E1: P1 P2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y V2, b. E2: P1 P2 P2: (Z ) X Y V2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1 E1, E2 C1, C2 (10) : P1, P2 M ( ) 2) R1: P2 P1 *E1 R2: P1 E1 R3: P1, P2 E0 R4: P2 E2 R5: P1 P2 *E (11) 4 Necker Cube (Necker Cube Model for Syntactic Alternations) (12) (e.g., [14]) C1 2) (Optimality Theory) [1] C2 (13) Necker Cube C1 P2: X Y V2 (semantic attraction) ( (constructional polysemy) ) (14) C A [14, pp ] [14] 2.1 E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P E1: P1 P2 E0: P1 P2 (15) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i., ii. * (16) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: {i., ii. } b. P2: { i., ii.?? (17) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i., ii., iii. * b. P2: { i., ii. } { i., ii. *, iii. (18) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii.?*, iii. * { i., ii., iii., iv. * b. P2: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. *, iii. *, iv.
3 2 3 (19) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. * } b. P2: { i., ii.? } (20)?E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii.?* b. P2: { i.?, ii : *E1, *E2 (21) *E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i. *, ii. * (22) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. *, ii. * b. P2: { i., ii. (23) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i. *, ii. *, iii. } b. P2: { i., ii. } { i., ii., iii. } E2: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 (24)?E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.?, ii. } { i., ii.?* } b. P2: { i., ii.?? } { i., ii. * } (25)?E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i., ii. } b. P2: { i.?*, ii. * } { i. *, ii. * } (26) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: () 3) b. P2: * () (27) E2: P1 P2 [NB. (20) P2 ] a. P1: { i., ii.?, iii. * } b. P2: { i., ii., iii.? } (28) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. *, ii. * } b. P2: { i., ii. } (29) E2: P1 P2? a. P1: { i.?, ii.??, iii. * 4) } b. P2: { i., ii.???, iii. (30) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.??, ii.?, iii. { i.?, ii., iii., iv. b. P2: { i., ii., iii. } { i., ii., iii., iv E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 1 2 sense [3, 4, 5] (31) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. 1, ii.?*, iii., iv. * } b. P2: { i. 1, ii., iii. *, iv. ** } (32) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.??? 2, ii.??, iii. *, iv. } b. P2: { i. 2, ii., iii. *, iv.?* } ) 3)
4 3 4 5) (33b) [] (33) E0: P1 P2 a. P1: () 1 b. P2: (*) 1 (34) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 2 b. P2:? 2 (35) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 2 b. P2:? 2 (36) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 3 b. P2: 3 (37) a. P1: * 4 b. P2: (38) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.?, ii., iii., iv.?? } b. P2: { i., ii., iii., iv. (39) E1: P1 P2? } a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i.?, ii.?? (40) E2: P1 P2? a. P1: { i., ii. * b. P2: { i., ii. (38) (40) Y (38a), (39a), (40a) [Y ] [Y ] 5) 3 = [14, p. 126 ( )] : 1: 6) spray load clear, wipe [14, p. 111 ( )] : 2: pour fill () XXX ((41) [= (29)] ) (41) 6) [14, p ()] : fill (28a) [= John filled the glass with water] (28b) [= *John filled water into the glass] ( (28b) fill (28b), pour fill X with Y fill Y into X ). [ ]
5 3 5 pour XXX fill XXX XXX XXX pour fill Z Y X 7) X Y Z Y [8] , () pour fill? (underspecification) () ) 7) X Y Z (X:, Y ;, Z: ) [Y :, X:, Z: ] 8) (Pinker ) (Chomsky ) ) (38) E2: P1 P2 Y (e.g.,,, ) (24) (27) (22) P1: *X Y P2: X Y (23) P1: *X Y P2: X Y 10) E1: P1 P2, E2: P1 P2 E0: P1 P2 [14, p. 116] : [14, p. 116]? 11) 9) 10) X Y X X : (42) a { i., ii., 110 b { i., ii., 110 E1, E2 E1 E2 11)
6 3 6?? (cf. (18)) : (43) E1: P1 P2 a. { i., ii., iii. b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } (44) E2: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii.?*, iii. } b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } (45) E2: P1 P2 (46)?? a. { i.?*, ii.?*, iii.? b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } a. { i.???, ii.??, iii.? b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * (47) E1: P1 P2 a. { i., ii.?*, iii. } b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * (48) E1: P1 P2? a. { i., ii.?*, iii. (disturbing factors) (systematicity fallacy) [10, p. 90] b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * P1: X P2: X X = X = (45) Y X (48) X Y (e.g.,,, ) : (49) R1: P1 R2: P1, P2 P2 E1: P1 P2 R3: P1, P2 E0: P1 P2 R4: P1, P2 P1 E2: P1 P2 R5: P2 R = R1 R5 R1, R5 (interpretational potentials) = ( ) 12) 12) ( ) (constructions) X, Y (collocation)
7 4 / Necker Cube E1: P1 P2, E2: P1 P2 13) E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 (51) X P2 P1 (50) a. P1: { i. *, ii. } b. P2: { i., ii. * } (51) a. b.?? Y X (27) [ X ] [ Y ] (24) [ X ] [ Y ] P2 X 14) P1 P (54a) walk walk (e.g., (54b)) ( ) (54) a. He walked a dog to the park. 3.3 b. A dog was walking in the park. Necker Cube / (Necker Cube Model/Hypothesis for Syntactic Alternations) ( ) 4 / Necker Cube Necker cube 4.1 : (55) / Necker Cube : Necker Cube 15) () ( ) (attractors) [11, 12, 9] [13] 13) E1: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 14) (27) [ X ] [ Y ] (24) [ X ] [ Y ] Y (52) a. a. (53) a.?* b.?? c. : (figure/ground reversal) () 15) Rubin s Vase, Duck Rabit The bottle is half full/empty
8 4 / Necker Cube : (55) : (56) () i. ii. () iii. P1, P2 / M(P1), M(P2) ( 16) ) iv. M(P1), M(P2) (Langacker [7] (semantic accommodation) ) [4] v X,Y X,Y 1 10 A1, A2,..., *D1, D2, *E1, E2 ( *D1, *E1 ) 16) [15, 16] 1 Div X Y P1 P2 A A1 A2 B > B1 B2 C C1 C2 D < *D1 D2 E *E1 E2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1, P2: (Z ) X Y V2 V , 2 1 B3 ( 1) 2 G3 ( 2) V* V** V[i] ( ) [4, 5] 4.3 P1, P2 P1, P { A, B, C, D, E, F }5, 6 P1 P1 P2 2 { G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N }5, 6 P2 P2 P1 P2 { G3 }, { K3, 5, 6 }, { L3 }, { M3 } { G, K, L }3 V2 V2 X, Y V2 4.4 : 1: B3, K3 {,, } X
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10 B 10 (parallel distributed semantics) 17) (60) ( ) (61) A A.1 18) (evoker) [5] ( ) [14, pp ] 19) : (62) : a. [ :],, (), /,, /, b. [ :],, c. [ :] /,, /,, /,,,,,, d. [:] e. [:], /,,, f. [ :], g. [:],, h. [:], A.2 (63) a. [:],, 17) Distributed Semantics PDP (distributed representation) Distributed Morphology [6] Halle Marantz Multi-moduler Morphology? 18) Mental Space [2] 19) b. [:],,, : (64) a. [:],,, b. [/:] (* ),,, [/] B B.1 (65) a. P1: { i.??, ii.?*, iii. # } b. P2: { i., ii.?, iii. } (66) a. P1: { i.??, ii. *, iii. # } b. P2: { i., ii., iii. } (67) a. P1: { i., ii. } b. P2: { i. *, ii. * } (68) a. P1: { i., ii., iii. *, iv.?* b. P2: { i. *, ii. *, iii., iv.? B.2 (69) E1: P1 P2? a. { i., ii., iii. (?? ) b. { i., ii., iii. * (?? ) (70) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii.?*, iii.?? b. { i. *, ii.?*, iii.??
11 11 (71) E2: P1 P2 a. { i. *, ii.??, iii. * b. { i. *, ii., iii.??? (72) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii., iii. b. { i. *, ii., iii.?* (73) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii., iii.? b. { i. *, ii., iii. * B.3 (74) a. P1: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. b. P2: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. (75) a. P1: { i., ii. { i.?, ii.?, iii. * b. P2: { i., ii. { i., ii., iii. B.4 (e.g., ) (76) E2: P1 P2 a. { i., ii., iii.?? } { i., ii., iii., iv. * } b. { i., ii., iii. } { i., ii.??, iii. *, iv. } B.5 (77) a. P1: { i., ii. { i. b. P2: { i., ii. { i.?? } (78) a. P1: { i., ii. { i. } b. P2: { i., ii. { i.?? } (79) a. P1: { i.?, ii.?*, iii. } { i., ii.?* b. P2: {i., ii.?*, iii. } { i., ii. (80) a. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } a. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } b. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } b. ()({ i., ii. }) { i. *, ii. } [1] D. Archangeli and D. T. Langendoen. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Blackwell, [2] G. R. Fauconnier. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, [3] C. J. Fillmore. Frame semantics. In Linguistic Society of Korea, editor, Linguistics in the Morning Calm, pages Hanshin Publishing, Seoul, [4] C. J. Fillmore. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2): , [5] T. Fontenelle, editor. FrameNet and Frame Semantics. Oxford University Press, A Special Issue of International Journal of Lexicography, 16 (3). [6] M. Halle and A. Marantz. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale and S. J. Keyser, editors, The View from Building 20, pages MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, [7] R. W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 1: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford University Press, [8] S. Pinker. Learnability and Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, [9],, and. :. In, page 38, [http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/nakamoto-et-al-cogpsy20% 04-Original.pdf].
12 12 [10].. In, editor, ( 3 ), pages , [11],, and.. In 21, pages , [12],, and.. In, editor, 4, pages , [ : http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/roles-and-frames.pdf]. [13],,, and. : x y. In 22, pages (Q 38), [ : http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/frames-attract-readings-% jcss22.pdf]. [14], editor. :., [15].., 98, [16].., 19(5):76 87, 2000.
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