Jahs. 46(2): (2016)

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1 , 2 * 1, 3 Stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan during an intensive observation period throughout 2013 Kimpei ICHIYANAGI 1, 2 * and Masahiro TANOUE 1, 3 Abstract To elucidate the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan, the Isotope Mapping Working Group of the Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences conducted precipitation sampling during an intensive observation period throughout 2013 IOP2013. More than 2000 precipitation samples were collected at 56 stations, and their stable water isotopes δ 18 O, δd were measured at Kumamoto University. The time-series of δ 18 O and d-excess of precipitation showed rapid and significant seasonal variability, affected by precipitation type i.e., the winter monsoon and Nangan-Low and by the amount of rainfall during the Baiu rainy season. The monthly mean δ 18 O and d-excess of IOP2013 were averaged in each of six regions across Japan and compared with previous studies, although the sampling periods varied. The seasonal variability of the monthly δ 18 O anomaly from the annual mean was not coincident, indicating the deviation depended on the sampling period. Conversely, the seasonal variability of the monthly d-excess was coincident, even though the absolute values were averaged. Based on the results of short-term sampling at each station, the temperature effect was found north to 35 N and also the precipitation amount effect was mostly found south to 37 N. Further observational data will be required to increase the spatial resolution for better understanding of the spatiotemporal variability of stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan. Key words: stable isotopes in precipitation, across Japan, short-term sampling, spatial distribution, seasonal variability δd, δ 18 O 1 Isotope Mapping Working Group, Japanese Association of Hydrological Sciences 2 Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University 3 School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo kimpei@sci.kumamoto-u.ac.jp 123

2 d-excess δ 18 O d-excess IMWG IOP2013 IMWG 2013; 2014 IOP2013 Ichiyanagi and Tanoue 2016 δ 18 O Tanoue et al IMWG IOP IOP IMWG 2013 NPO 56 2, Web Delta- 124

3 Table 1 Summary of the IOP2013, location, period and number of samples at each station. Northern Japan/Sea of Japan side NJS, northern Japan/Pacific Ocean side NPC, eastern Japan/Sea of Japan side EJS, eastern Japan/Pacific Ocean side EPC, western Japan/Sea of Japan side WJS, and western Japan/Pacific Ocean side WPC Sampling sites Prefecture Region Latitude Longitude Altitude a.m.s.l. Sampling period Number of samples Furano Hokkaido NJS /12/ /12/31 58 Aomori Aomori NJS /01/ /01/01 73 Akita-kita Akita NJS /12/ /01/07 92 Akita Akita NJS /01/ /01/03 30 Yamagata Yamagata NJS /01/ /01/01 65 Mamurogawa Yamagata NJS /11/ /01/08 18 Rokkasyo Aomori NPC /12/ /12/27 12 Morioka Iwate NPC /12/ /01/06 67 Sendai Miyagi NPC /12/ /12/31 37 Fukui Fukui EJS /12/ /01/04 34 Imizu Toyama EJS /01/ /01/04 74 Nonoichi Ishikawa EJS /12/ /01/04 79 Utsunomiya Tochigi EPC /01/ /01/07 29 Kiryu Gunma EPC /01/ /01/01 11 Isesaki Gunma EPC /12/ /01/06 49 Chiba Chiba EPC /12/ /12/31 37 Ichinomiya Chiba EPC /12/ /12/06 10 Funabasi Chiba EPC /01/ /12/27 21 Chichibu Saitama EPC /01/ /01/06 38 Arakawa Tokyo EPC /12/ /01/ Meguro Tokyo EPC /12/ /01/01 34 Miyake Tokyo EPC /01/ /06/07 11 Yokohama Kanagawa EPC /12/ /01/10 36 Minamiizu Shizuoka EPC /12/ /01/06 48 Shizuoka Shizuoka EPC /01/ /01/03 12 Seto Aichi EPC /12/ /01/06 41 Kakamigahara Gihu EPC /01/ /01/01 13 Hikone Shiga EPC /01/ /01/01 48 Matsue Shimane WJS /01/ /01/02 17 Hofu Yamaguchi WJS /12/ /12/31 33 Yamaguchi Yamaguchi WJS /12/ /01/10 36 Hagi Yamaguchi WJS /12/ /01/04 29 Saga Saga WJS /12/ /12/21 34 Nagasaki Nagasaki WJS /01/ /01/06 32 Kumamoto Kumamoto WJS /12/ /01/10 57 Kuju Oita WPC /12/ /01/01 13 Kyoto Kyoto WPC , /12/ /01/06 33 Uji Kyoto WPC /12/ /07/31 24 Nara Nara WPC /01/ /01/06 44 Sakai Osaka WPC /01/ /02/01 21 Kushimoto Wakayama WPC /12/ /12/30 35 Shirahama Wakayama WPC /12/ /12/12 31 Takamatsu Kagawa WPC /01/ /11/31 23 Tokushima Tokushima WPC /01/ /12/27 30 Kochi Kochi WPC /12/ /01/06 16 Okayama Okayama WPC /12/ /01/06 18 Higashihiroshima Hiroshima WPC /12/ /08/01 14 Sera Hiroshima WPC /12/ /01/15 23 Miyazaki Miyazaki WPC /01/ /01/06 25 Gokase Miyazaki WPC /12/ /12/20 32 Kobayashi Miyazaki WPC /01/ /21/22 35 Kobayashi2 Miyazaki WPC /01/ /12/22 32 Miyakonojo Miyazaki WPC /01/ /01/01 12 Izumi Kagoshima WPC /01/ /12/21 31 Kagoshima Kagoshima WPC /01/ /07/31 14 Kinko Kagoshima WPC /01/ /01/

4 V, Thermo Fisher Scientific δd δ 18 O δd 0.5 δ 18 O 0.05 Table m 800 m Table 2 δ 18 O δd δ 18 O d-excess δ 18 O, d-excess Fig. 1 δ 18 O d-excess δ 18 O dexcess d-excess 1986δ 18 O 10 d-excess 1986 d-excess d d d 10 d d-excess d-excess d-excess δ 18 O dexcess 126

5 Table 2 Summary of the IOP2013, minimum, maximum and annual mean values of stable isotopes at each station. Sampling sites Region δd δ 18 O d-excess min. max. mean min. max. mean min. max. mean Furano NJS Aomori NJS Akita-kita NJS Akita NJS Yamagata NJS Mamurogawa NJS Rokkasyo NPC Morioka NPC Sendai NPC Fukui EJS Imizu EJS Nonoichi EJS Utsunomiya EPC Kiryu EPC Isesaki EPC Chiba EPC Ichinomiya EPC Funabasi EPC Chichibu EPC Arakawa EPC Meguro EPC Miyake EPC Yokohama EPC Minamiizu EPC Shizuoka EPC Seto EPC Kakamigahara EPC Hikone EPC Matsue WJS Hofu WJS Yamaguchi WJS Hagi WJS Saga WJS Nagasaki WJS Kumamoto WJS Kuju WPC Kyoto WPC Uji WPC Nara WPC Sakai WPC Kushimoto WPC Shirahama WPC Takamatsu WPC Tokushima WPC Kochi WPC Okayama WPC Higashihiroshima WPC Sera WPC Miyazaki WPC Gokase WPC Kobayashi WPC Kobayashi2 WPC Miyakonojo WPC Izumi WPC Kagoshima WPC Kinko WPC

6 Fig. 1 Time-series of precipitation amount, δ 18 O, and d-excess at each station. 128

7 Fig. 1 continued 129

8 Fig. 1 continued 130

9 Fig.1 continued 131

10 Fig. 2 The seasonal variability of the monthly δ 18 O anomaly from the annual mean averaged in each of six regions, compared with Tanoue et al and IOP2013. δ 18 O δ 18 O d-excess IOP2013 IOP δ 18 O d-excess Fig. 2 Fig IOP2013 δ 18 O δ 18 O 6 δ 18 O δ 18 O 132

11 Fig. 3 Seasonal variability of the monthly d-excess averaged in each of six regions, compared with Tanoue et al and IOP2013. δ 18 O IOP2013 IOP δ 18 O δ 18 O 1986 δ 18 O 2003 Suzuki and Endo 2001 δ 18 O d-excess IOP

12 Table 3 Summary of the IOP2013, Local Meteorological Water Line LMWL, temperature effect, and precipitation amount effect at each station. Sampling sites Region LMWL Temperature effect Precipitation effect slope intercept r T C slope r P mm/yr slope r Furano NJS , Aomori NJS , Akita-kita NJS , Akita NJS , Yamagata NJS , Mamurogawa NJS , Rokkasyo NPC , Morioka NPC , Sendai NPC , Fukui EJS , Imizu EJS , Nonoichi EJS , Utsunomiya EPC , Kiryu EPC Isesaki EPC , Chiba EPC , Ichinomiya EPC Funabasi EPC , Chichibu EPC , Arakawa EPC , Meguro EPC , Miyake EPC Yokohama EPC , Minamiizu EPC , Shizuoka EPC , Seto EPC , Kakamigahara EPC , Hikone EPC , Matsue WJS , Hofu WJS , Yamaguchi WJS , Hagi WJS , Saga WJS , Nagasaki WJS , Kumamoto WJS , Kuju WPC , Kyoto WPC , Uji WPC Nara WPC , Sakai WPC , Kushimoto WPC , Shirahama WPC , Takamatsu WPC , Tokushima WPC , Kochi WPC , Okayama WPC , Higashihiroshima WPC Sera WPC , Miyazaki WPC , Gokase WPC , Kobayashi WPC , Kobayashi2 WPC , Miyakonojo WPC , Izumi WPC , Kagoshima WPC , Kinko WPC ,

Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of a slope and b intercept of the Local Meteoric Water Line, the c temperature effect / C and d precipitation amount effect /100 mm of the δ 18 O based on the

13 Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of a slope and b intercept of the Local Meteoric Water Line, the c temperature effect / C and d precipitation amount effect /100 mm of the δ 18 O based on the results of short-term sampling at each station IOP IOP d-excess 1, 2 IOP IOP d-excess 3 IOP2013 δ 18 O Ichiyanagi and Tanoue

14 Table 3 Fig Hasegawa et al IOP Fig. 4 δ 18 O / C δ 18 O /mm Araguás-Araguás et al GNIP GNIP IOP2013 Ichiyanagi and Tanoue 2016 IOP2013 δ 18 O 0.36 / C /mm IOP2013 δ 18 O d-excess 6 δ 18 O d-excess δ 18 O IMWG IOP JSPS H05619 CREST 136

15 2013 Isotope Mapping Working Group; JAHS-IMWG , Isotope Mapping Working Group; JAHS-IMWG , , RADIOISOTOPES 52, , , , d-excess 122 4, doi: /jgeography Araguás-Araguás, L., Froehlich, K. and Rozanski, K Stable isotope composition of precipitation over southeast Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, , Hasegawa, H., Akata, N., Kawabata, H., Sato, T., Chikuchi, Y. and Hisamatsu, S Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios in precipitation collected in a snowfall region, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Geochemical Journal, 48, 9 18, doi: / geochemj Ichiyanagi, K. and Tanoue, M., on behalf of the IMWG/JAHS 2016 Spatial analysis of annual mean stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan based on an intensive observation period throughout Isotopes in Environmental Health Studies, doi: / Matsubaya, O. and Kawaraya, H Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic characteristics of precipitation in coastal areas of Japan determined by observations for 23 years at Akita and for 1 2 years at other several localities. Geochemical Journal, 48, doi: /geochemj Suzuki, K. and Endo, Y Oxygen isotopic composition of winter precipitation in central Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106 7, Tanoue, M., Ichiyanagi, K. and Yoshimura, K Verification of the isotopic composition of precipitation simulated by a regional isotope circulation model over Japan. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, doi: / Yamanaka, T., Makino, Y., Wakiyama, Y., Kishi, K., Maruyama, K., Kano, M., Ma, W. and Suzuki, K How reliable are modeled precipitation isoscapes over a high-relief mountainous region? Hydrological Research Letters, 9 4, , doi: /hrl

16 2013 1, 2 * 1, IOP δ 18 O d-excess 6 δ 18 O 2013 IOP2013 δ 18 O d-excess δ 18 O

Supplementary data

Supplementary data Supplement to: Onozuka D, Gasparrini A, Sera F, Hashizume M, Honda Y. Future projections of temperature-related excess out-of-hospital cardiac arrest under climate change scenarios in