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1 .... Quality Partnership. Mohring. Gwilliam et al. NPO Metropolitan Area Quality Partnership QP public subsidy

2 1 Transport Statistics Great Britain government/publications/transport-statistics-great-britain-2012 Public Transportation Fact Book, Appendix A: Historical Tables % Shire County % Mohring Gwilliam et al.

3 p. p. p.

4 2 3 Transport Statistics Great Britain 2012

5 4 Transport Statistics Great Britain Road Traffic Act p.

6 5 Department of Transport Gwilliam et al. Pickup et al.

7 6

8 7 Gwilliam et al. (1985). Mackie (1995) p p. House of Commons

9 1 Pickup et al. (1991) pp. 42 FIGURE 3.3 p.

10 Quality Partnership QP QP 3.2 IC p. p. p.

11 km km

12 2 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 8

13 9 p.

14 4.1 p. p. p.

15 4.2 Quality Partnership DETR Quality Partnership QP QP Quality Contracts QC QP DETR QP DETR (1998) p. 40. OFT (2009) p. 98.

16 3 QP Mackie (1999) p. 3 DETR QP QP QP QC LTA Local Transport Authority QC only practicable way QP QC QP QP QC QP QP QC QP House of Commons Transport Committee (2012) p. 25. White (2010) p. 154, House of Commons Transport Committee (2012) p. 25.

17 QP QC 5.1 Mohring 1972 Mohring common carrier Mohring C QB QC QB BC QB BC OF QC

18 10 Mohring Mohring (1972) p. 592 Figure 1 OF OFCQ OEBQ EBCF BC EBDG FCDG OF

19 5.2 Gwilliam et al Gwilliam et al. Mohring G Q G = G (Q) P T Q T G = P + T1( M) + T æ ö 2ç çèm ø M C C= cm 1 + cq 2 c Z = ò G( q) dq-q[ T1+ T2] -c1m -c2q 0 Q Q M Z Q T = G-T -T - - c = Q M æq ö ç çèm ø é ù Z T T Q M M æq ö M çç ê çèm ë ø úû 1 2 =-Q - - c 2 1 = 0 P Q T M æq ö ç çèm ø 2 = + c2 T Q M T é T ù M æq ö ê M ú Q ë û ç çèm ø = êc1 + Q ú 2

20 T2 M = ( P-c2 ) æq ö Q ç çèm ø T P Q c Q c M M Q M = T1 M > 0, Q> 0, < 0 M T M Q 1 M Gwilliam et al. Mohring. OD positive

21 Quality Partnership QP QP Mohring Gwilliam et al. Banister, D (1985) Deregulating the Bus Industry in Great Britain (A) The Proposal, Transport Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp Beesley, M. E. and S. Glaister (1985) Deregulating the Bus Industry in Great Britain (C) A Response, Transport Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp Berechman, J. (1993) Public Transit Economics and Deregulation Policy, North-Holland. Department for Transport ( ) Transport Statistics Bulletin GB: 2009 Edition, National Statistics. Department for Transport (1984) Buses, White Paper, HMSO. DETR (1998) A New Deal for Transport: Better for Everyone: The Government s White Paper on the Future of Transport, Her Majesty s Stationery Office. Gwilliam, K. M., C. A. Nash and P. J. Mackie (1985) Deregulation the Bus Industry in Britain (B) The Case Against, Transport Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp House of Commons Transport Committee (2012) Competition in the local bus market Third Report of Session , 4 September. Langridge, R. and R. Sealey (2000) Contestability in the UK bus industry? The National Bus Company, and the Tilling Mark II effect, Transport Policy, Vol. 7, pp Mackie, P., J. Preston and C. Nash (1995) Bus Deregulation: Ten Years on, Transport Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp Mackie, P. (1999) Quality Bus Partnerships Implications for Market Performance, Thredbo 6. Office of Fair Trading (2009) Local bus services Report on the market study and proposed decision to make a market investigation reference, August ( Parliament of the United Kingdom (1985) Transport Act Pickup, L., G. Stokes, S. Meadowcroft, P. Goodwin, B. Tyson and F. Kenny (1991) Bus deregulation in the metropolitan areas, Avebury. Savage, I. (1985) The Deregulation of Bus Services, Gower. White, P. (1997) What Conclusions Can Be Drawn about Bus Deregulation in Britain?, Transport Reviews,

22 Vol. 17, No. 1, pp White, P. (2010) The Conflict between Competition Policy and the Wider Role of the Local Bus Industry in Britain, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 29, pp pp. No. -, pp. pp. pp. pp. QPs pp. QP QC pp. pp. pp. No., pp.

23

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