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- しまな すみだ
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1 ( )
2 :, : CO ExternE 2 4 3
3 i
4 ExternE ii
5 IT iii
6 iv
7 v
8 vi
9 CO COP [1] JCO TMI 1
![1990 6 [1] 1 2010 13](/docs-images/42/22999628/images/page_9.jpg "15 JCO 1970 30 1979")
10 [2] ExternE 6 2
11 CO COP [1] [2] 1/ [3] 3
![COP3 2010 1990 6 [1] 1](/docs-images/42/22999628/images/page_11.jpg "2010 13 2.1.2 2000 52 [2]")
12 [4] Public Acceptance PA [5]
13 JCO JCO [6] 2.2 5
![[6] 2.2 5](/docs-images/42/22999628/images/page_13.jpg)
14 3 3.1 OJT On the Job Training
15 ,400 1, [5] :
![1995 100 [5]](/docs-images/42/22999628/images/page_15.jpg "3.1 3.1: 3.2.")
16 2 E E : IT
17 : 3.2: 10 [ ] 3 [ ] 0.8 [ ] [ ]
18 3.4: [ ] [ ] : [ ] [ ] : [ ] [ ]
19 (1) (2) (3) 3.4 OJT OJT
20 : 12
21 : (4) (5)
22 OJT On the Job Training 3.4: (6) IT IT 3.7 IT 65.7 IT 14
23 : 15
24 : 16
25 IT IT IT IT IT 3.7: IT 17
26 (7) FBR 3.8: 18
27 (8) : 19
28 (9) : 20
29 (10) A (1) (2)
30 (3) OJT (4) 10 (5) (6) IT IT 7 IT 30 IT 22
31 (7) (8) (9) (1) 23
32 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 24
33 :
34 26
35 [7] Independent Power Producer IPP
36 4.1: kW 2 V [8] generation transmission system control distribution supply 28
37 [7] 1 CO2 1 29
38 [9] ,000kW 2 V 8, [10] [11] [12] 30 30
39 0.4 [9] [8][13] [8] (a) 31
40 (b) (c) [8] [14] [14]
41 : ,000 [16]
42 2, TVA [15] 1) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC FERC 2) 50 1) 1978 [8][15] 1978 Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 PURPA qualifying facilities QF QF 34
43 Independent Power Producers IPP 1992 National Energy Policy Act of 1992 EPAct IPP FERC [17] FERC FERC 2000 RTO [18] 2) [18] B [19] 35
44 NRC PECO [20] 4.2: [20] 3 36
45 Central Electricity Generating Board CEGB Electricity Act [15] National Power NP Power Gen PG Nuclear Electric NE National Grid NGC North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board NSHEB South of Scotland Electricity Board SSEB 1991 Scottish Power 37
46 Scottish Hydro-Electric [15] NIES 1992 NIES 4 NIES [17] [11] New Electricity Trading Arrangement NETA NETA [12][21] ,498MWe ,322MWe B NE SN 38
47 AGR 2 0 AGR 2 BE PWR1 AGR5 PWR 1 BNFL 2 AGR BNFL BNFL eye, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp , 4.3: Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Fossil Fuel Levy NE Nuclear Energy Agreement SN SP SHE NE The Prospects for Nuclear Power in the UK 3 39
48 SN NE BE BNFL BE 2 SN NE BE NETA Electricite de France EdF EdF 95 3 EdF 1958 SNCF SNCF EdF 96 40
49 EdF [17] EU 30 [22] 2 [23] EdF TOPCO ANP FCI ST FCI CEA CEA-Industrie AREVA [22] RWE E.ON EnBW VEAG HEW BEWAG
50 CEA 5% 95% CEA-Industrie % 74.7% 25.3% ST- CEA 4.03% 78.9% 17.01% (AREVA) EdF 9.1% 8.4% 23% 34% 19.5% 6% 34% 66% 100% 11% 60% ST- FCI ANP 34% 66% 100% ANP FCI 4.4: [24] [15] [24] 2 30 [24]
51 [22] : kwh [25] [15] Vattenfall Sydkraft Stockholm Energi
52 Statens Vattenfallswerk Vattenfall Svenska Kraftnat EU general competition rules EU MW Sydkraft Barseback Barseback [22] 44
53 4.3.6 [8] EU
54 4.3: 3 Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Fossil Fuel Levy 30 EdF MW Sydkraft Barseback Nord Pool
55 EU ,
56 :
57 4.6: 4.5: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] NA NA : [ ] [ ]
58 : [ ] [ ] : [ ] [ ] NA NA
59 4 7 (1) (2)
60 NA : 52
61 : (3) a b c d (3-1)
62 NA : (3-2) (3-3)
63 NA : 3 (3-4) (3-5)
64 NA : NA : 56
65 4.10: (4) (5) C
66 NA : 58
67 (1) (2) 80 (3) [15][14] 59
68 (4)
69
70 PJM 62
71 [26] 63
72 5 5.1 Life Cycle Assessment LCA Contingent Valuation Method:CVM O.Hohmeyer 64
73 [27] [28] [29] SOX NOX CO ExternE ExternE [30] ExternE
74 ECU ExternE [30] 5.1: nq nq nq nq nq nq nq nq,,, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp CO2 N2O CH4,N2O,SO2,NO,SPM,HCl,H2SO4,NO2,HNO3,NH4Cl,
75 [mecu/kwh] : mECU/kWh 23.50mECU/kWh 19.80mECU/kWh 3.30mECU/kWh mECU/kWh 28.70mECU/kWh 20.90mECU/kWh 12.90mECU/kWh mECU/kWh 54.6mECU/kWh 41.8mECU/kWh 16.8mECU/kWh ExternE 67
76 /kwh 25.5 /KWh
77 5.2: kwh kwh 25.5 kwh 69
78 19.0 /kwh 25.5 /kwh : 70
79 5.3: No
80
81 5.4: : , (106)
82 : [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] NA : : [ ] [ ] : [ ] [ ]
83 : [ ] [ ] NA : 5.11: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] NA NA
84 (a) (b) (1) (2)
85 NA : (3) (4)
86 NA : NA : 78
87 (5) (6)
88 NA : 5.13:
89 5.14: (7) 81
90 NA : 82
91 NA : (8)
92 NA : 84
93 (9) D (1) 70 1 (2) 85
94 60 (3) (4)
95 (5) (6) 50 (7)
96 (1) (2) (3) (1)
97 (2) 11 km (3) 89
98 5.4 1 ExternE CO2 LCA 2 4 ExternE CO2 LCA PSA 90
99 91
100
101 5 ExternE ExternE LCA ExternE ,3 93
102 6.1: 94
103 95
104 [1] 21, (1998). [2], ERC (2001). [3],, (2001). [4] 21, (1998). [5] ( ). [6], (2001). [7],, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 4-7 (2001). [8], (1998). [9] ( ). [10],, (2000). [11], (2000). [12], (2000). [13] (2001). [14], Vol. 43, No. 8 (2001). [15], (1999). [16], (2001). 96
105 [17] 15, (1996). [18] ida/3kenkyuukatudou/1kyotonetecon/neteconsiryou/netecon ppt ( ). [19],, (2001). [20], ENERGY, Vol. 34, No. 8 (2001). [21], eye, Vol. 46, No. 7, pp (2000). [22] (2001). [23],, 8, pp (2000). [24], Vol. 22, No. 6,pp (2001). [25] IEA OF JAPAN [26] ( ). [27] Olav Hohmeyer Social Costs of Electricity Generation (Wind and Photovoltaic Versus Fossil and Nuclear), Contemporary Policy Issues, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp (1990). [28],,,,,,, ( ), (Y94001), pp (1994). [29],, pp (1994). [30] ExternE, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp (2001). 97
106 A A-1 A.1... A-1 A.2... A-5 B PJM Nord Pool B-1 B.1... B-1 B.2 PJM... B-2 B.3 Nord Pool... B-5 C C-1 C.1... C-1 C.2... C-5 D D-1 D.1... D-1 D.2... D-8 i
107 B.1 PJM... B-3 B.2 PJM... B-4 B.3... B-6 ii
108 B.1 Nord Pool... B-6 iii
109 A A ( ) A-1
110 OJT(On the Job Training) A-2
111 IT 1 1. IT 2. IT 3. IT 4. IT FBR A-3
112 3. 4. ( ) A-4
113 A.2 A-5
114 TUeV KTA 5 A-6
115 IT OJT OJT OJT ( ) A-7
116 IT A-8
117 OJT JCO A-9
118 20 ( ) OJT R D A-10
119 CO2 IT 50 A-11
120 AVLIS CVL A-12
121 50 ( ) 30 1 OJT ( ) OJT ( ) IT A-13
122 OJT Safty Cuiture JCO A-14
123 OJT 4 5. OJT A-15
124 3 A-16
125 OJT ( ) ( ) A-17
126 IT 1 OJT OJT OJT OFF-JT A-18
127 1 A-19
128 350 A-20
129 1 A-21
130 ( ) IT 21 2 JCO TT CO2 A-22
131 JCO PR ( ) 1 IT JOB IT 25 OJT A-23
132 OJT OJT IT 4 : 2 A-24
133 IT OJT A-25
134 B PJM Nord Pool PJM Nord Pool B PG&E SCE SDG&E 3 3 ISO PX 3 3 ESP 1.5, (2000). (2001). B-1
135 IT NOx 3 B.2 PJM PJM Pennsylvania,New Jersey,Maryland 5 DC (2001). B-2
136 PJM PJM PX ISO PJM B.1 PJM B.1: PJM PJM PJM ISO LSE Load Serving Entity PJM IPP MP Merchant Plant LSE LSE PJM LSE ISO PJM PX OTC Over The Counter B-3
137 B B.2: PJM PJM LMP Locational Marginal Price PJM 2,000 LMP LMP LMP PJM B-4
138 B.3 Nord Pool Nord Pool Statnett SF 50 Svenska Kraftnat 50 Physical Market Elspot Market Elbas Market Regulatory Market Financial Market Eltermin Eloption Clearing Service Elclear 1999 Elspot 75TWh 20 OTC Nord Pool Nord Pool ,621.1 kw 3 B B.1 (2001). B-5
139 100 % 0.2% 1.1% 0.7% 2.4% % 16.3% 29.4% % 30.9% 14.1% % 98.9% % 52.4% 54.2% 0 0.1% 17.8% 4 B.3: B.1: Nord Pool 0 0 2,759 2, , , ,209 12, , ,887 1, , ,436 5, , , , ,770 16, ,441, 2001 B-6
140 C C ( ) C-1
141 C-2
142 C-3
143 C-4
144 C.2 PA ODA C-5
145 4 1/3 PR C-6
146 C-7
147 CO2 3 C-8
148 1 C-9
149 PR ( ) ( ) C-10
150 CO2 C-11
151 LNG( ) One through Recycle soft landing C-12
152 4 C-13
153 D D p.d-2 2. p.d-5 3. p.d p.d p.d-5 D-1
154 D-2
155 D-3
156 D-4
157 D-5
158 D-6
159 D-7
160 D.2 10km D-8
161 4,500 50, ,000 D-9
【修正版】加州報告書第Ⅱ部 その１.PDF
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland 1 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 John Quain Load Serving Entity Merchant Plant Load Serving Entity Over The Counter Office of Interconnection Locational Marginal Price) PECO Energy
NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer NOPR IPP PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commiss
1978 12 IPP ISO 1996 RTO 34 1978 1988 NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer 1988 1978 1988 NOPR IPP 1990 10 PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 2001 1970 5 1 1978
海外における電力自由化動向
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北東アジア石油市場自由化の進展とその影響に関する調査¨
1 7 31 11 15 PPS 19 10 4 16 2 2-1 1990 1990 1991 EU EU 1996 EU 2003 900 kwh 1998 2000 EU 2003 EU 2007 EU 2001 FERC FERC FERC 1996 888889 ISO Independent System Operator 1999 2000 RTORegional Transmission
2
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レポート本文電力自由化2000年4月.PDF
No.80 May 2000 2000 3 21 27 1995 31 2000 3 21 IPP 1 3 1 LNG 2 99 5 2000 3 21 31 95 12 95 IPPIndependent Power Producer 2000 2,000kW 2 27% 95 7 95 96 98 3 IPP 566 kw 2,583 kw 566 kw 104 W 670 kw 99 5 10
(2) IPP Independent Power Producers IPP 1995 NCC(New Common Carrier NCC NTT NTT NCC NTT NTT IPP 2. IPP 2.1 1995 4 (3) [1] [2] IPP [2] IPP IPP [1] [2]
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IEEJ
1. 2000 3 1999 1 2000 1 2000 1 2. 2.1. DC 6 1200 1998 7 1 2001 2 11 34 13 58 9 2-1 PUC 1999 1 2000 1 1998 6.74 /kwh 7.86 /kwh 2-1 ( )EIA http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 2-2 1 Interconnection L.L.C 2 2-32-42-5
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北東アジア石油市場自由化の進展とその影響に関する調査¨
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