魚道内の流況に着目した階段式魚道の設計に関する研究

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "魚道内の流況に着目した階段式魚道の設計に関する研究"

ちえこあると
7 years ago
Views:

1 , Summary

2 Table Table 1 Fig. 1 3 Table % % Table Table a 2000b Table 1 Classification of fishway by the difference of its hydraulic mechanism

3 3 Fig. 1 Overall view of pool-and-weir type fishway (from the right side) Fig. 2 Side view of the crown of the weir wall in pool-and-weir type fishway (from the right side) Fig. 3 Front view of the weir wall in pool-and-weir type fishway Table 2 Nomenclature indicating the specifications of pool-and-weir type fishway H Δy L D Δh Δy/(L+D)

4 Clay Rajaratnam et al Fig. 2 Fig b Fig a 1973 Tsukamoto et al a 2000b 2006 Clay 1961 Kumar et al Table 1 Table b Fig. 2 Fig

5 5 Fig a 2000b 2 Rajaratnam et al b a 2000b Tsukamoto et al

6 Tsukamoto et al B.L.m 3B.L.m/s 10B.L.m/s Fig. 1 3 Table 2 Δy/ L+D 1/3 1/5 1/8 1/10 Δh 0.05m 0.20m Δh 1/10 Δh 1/20 1/10 1/10 1/20 2

7 7 0.25m m m 0.9m Δy 0.1m 0.2m D 0.2m 0.3m Δy 0.15m H 0.6m 0.1m 3 /s B 2.0m L 3.0m B 2.0m L 1.0m 8 4 B L B 2.0m L 3.0m 0.1m 3 /s H 0.4m 0.8m 1.2m 3 H B 2.0m L 3.0m H 0.8m B 1/5 0.1m 4 1 H 0.4m 0.8m 25% 15% Plunging Flow Streaming Flow Clay b 3 Fig. 4 Fig Fig. 4 Conceptual diagram of the flow type in pool-and-weir type fishway (from the right side)

8 Rajaratnam et al Cd ( ) 1 q m 2 /s S g 9.8m/s b Fig. 5 ( ) 2 Δh/Δy L/ H+Δh Fig. 1 Table 2 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy 2005 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 4 Fig Influence that structural specifications and overflow depth exert on flow type when rectangular type weir wall is used (Only the experimental results of the figure by Onitsuka et al. (2005) is extracted) a 2000b 2000a a a 2000b Fig. 4 Kumar et al

9 Fig. 6 Δy/ L+D H Δy D Fig. 1 Table L Δy/ L+D Table b Fig Fig. 7 3 Fig. 6 Fig. 6 Δh Table a 2000b Table 3 m Structural specifications of the full-size hydraulic model of pool-and-weir type fishway (unit : m) H Δy D L 1/ m SF-5113 SPT Z 0.05m 0.05m 0.02m SA-1101PR-S SAT S m 0.1mm m 60 Leuciscus hakonensis Fig. 8 Fig m/s :00 19: :00 19:00 Fig. 6 8 Fig. 10

10 Fig. 6 mm Schematic diagram of the full-size hydraulic model of pool-and-weir type fishway (unit : mm)

11 11 Fig. 7 Shape of the crown of the weir wall in the hydraulic model (from the right side) Fig. 9 Relationship between the length and the weight of Leuciscus hakonensis used at experiments Table 4 Discharge conditions Δh m m 2 /s CASE1 CASE2 CASE3 CASE Fig. 10 Time series of the illuminance in the experimental facility during observation Table 5 Procedure of experiment Fig. 8 Leuciscus hakonensis used at experiments Table 5 Fig : lx 3000lx 16:00 19:00 1lx 0lx Table 5 15:00 16: :00 19:00 14:00 15:00 Table 4 0.1m :00 19:00 8:00 A B B/A :00 14:00 19:00 1 8: Fig. 10 T

12 CASE 1 4 Table CASE CASE 1 4 Fig. 11 Table 5 Fig. 12 Fig. 11 Fig. 11(a) Fig m/s m/s m/s Fig. 11(a) Fig. 11(a) Fig % m/s CASE 2 4 Fig. 11(b) CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE m/s m/s m/s Fig. 11(b) CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 1 CASE 1 Fig % CASE 1 Fig. 11(c) Fig. 4 CASE m/s m/s m/s Fig. 11(c) 2

13 13 Fig. 11 Experimental results of flow structure and ascending route of Leuciscus hakonensis in the fishway

14 Fig. 12 Experimental results of ascending rate of Leuciscus hakonensis CASE 3 Fig. 12 CASE 2 Fig. 11(d) CASE 1 3 Fig. 4 CASE m/s m/s Fig. 11(d) 2 CASE 4 CASE 3 Fig. 12 CASE 3 CASE 3 CASE 3 CASE 3 CASE m 2003 CASE 3 CASE 3 CASE 1 2 CASE 3

15 a 2000b 2006 Fig. 6 Table 6 3 Fig Table 6 TYPE A Fig. 13 GROUP 1 Fig. 14 Fig. 14(a) Fig. 12 TYPE A TYPE B GROUP 1 Fig. 14(a), (b) 1995 TYPE B TYPE B 0.1m 1/10 TYPE C GROUP 2 TYPE B Fig. 14(b), (c) Fig. 14(a) Fig. 14(c) TYPE A TYPE B GROUP 1 TYPE B TYPE C GROUP 2 Fig. 13 Fig. 14(b) Fig. 14(a) Fig. 14(c) 3 Fig. 15 Table 6 m Structural specifications of the full-size hydraulic model of pool-and-weir type fishway (unit : m) H Δy D L TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C 1/10 1/5 1/10 1/ TYPE C TYPE B 0.1m Fig. 13 Relationship between the length and the weight of Leuciscus hakonensis used at experiments

16 Fig. 15 Pool-and-weir type fishway set up as drop works in canal Fig. 14 Experimental results of ascending rate of Leuciscus hakonensis 1 4 1/5 1/ Fig. 4

17 17 3 Fig a b Fig b 2 Navier-Stokes N-S 2 N-S 1 Saint-Venant N-S N-S N-S RANS Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation LES Large Eddy Simulation 1999 LES 3 RANS LES 3 2 RANS RANS N-S VOF Hirt and Nichols 1981 C-CUP Yabe and Wang 1991 MARS 1996 MPS Koshizuka et al., 1995 VOF Fig. 16 VOF F F 0 0 F 1 F 1 Euler C-CUP MARS VOF MPS Lagrange

18 VOF VOF Fig Viecelli Hirt MPS 1999 MPS C-CUP MARS VOF MPS VOF Fig. 17 VOF VOF N-S ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) 4 Fig. 16 VOF Conceptual diagram of water surface shape represented by the VOF method x i 2 i 1 i 2 ξ i J u i x i u' i x i u' i u i u i U i ξ i t p ρ ν G i x i D ij u' i u' j Fig Conceptual diagram of 2 dimensional Cartesian coordinates and generalized curvilinear coordinates

19 19 J 5 D ij 6 u' i u' j k-ε k-ε u' i u' j 7 νt k δ ij ν t k ε 1988 u 1 x P k ( ) 15 u' 2 i 7 17 ( ) 8 16 ( ) 9 ( ) P k k C μ 0.09 C k 1.00 C ε 1.30 C ε C ε VOF F F 0 0 F 1 F 1 ( ) 12 k-ε P 11 k P k 18 P k k-ε P k P k 7 k-ε P k k-ε P k P k

20 ν t 19 LK D Ω 20 Ω D Ω Ω ij 21 LK Ω/D 1 P k Ω/D 1 P k P k 22 Durbin Durbin Durbin ν t 8 k/ε P k LK Durbin LK Durbin 3 VOF k-ε a 2000b H 0.20m Δy 0.04 D 0.02 L 0.38m Δh m Fig. 1 Table m Fig m Fig m 0.01m Fig. 18 Phillips, 1957

21 21 Fig. 18 cm Simulation model (unit : cm) Fig N-S 3 4 JU i JU i 2 Runge-Kutta 2 N-S k ε Harten-Yee TVD Yee 1986 VOF F 12 Hirt and Nichols 1981 TVD total variation diminishing scheme Fig. 19 Collocated arrangement of variables Harten-Yee TVD 2 1 TVD N-S k ε 1 x i i 1 2 donor-accepter method VOF VOF F F

22 donor accepter F 4 N-S Bi-CGStab 1991 N-S N-S p fractional step method N-S SMAC Amsden and Harlow CFL Δt Hirt and Nichols 1981 ( ) Δx i x i Δt* ITER ITER* a ß, γ 1, γ 2, γ 3, ITER min ITER max Δh CASE 1 4 Table 4 VOF F 5 VOF y p 1 u p u τ κ B κ 0.4 B JU i JU i 4 u i JU i k ε F 0 CASE CASE 4

23 Table 4 Fig Fig. 11 CASE 1 Fig. 20(a) Fig. 4 CASE 1 Fig. 20(b) CASE 2 Fig. 21(a) CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 2 Fig. 21(b) CASE 1 CASE 1 CASE 3 Fig. 22(a) Fig. 4 CASE 3 Fig. 22(b) CASE 4 CASE 1 3 Fig. 23(a) Fig. 4 CASE 4 CASE 1 3 Fig. 23(b) Fig. 23(b) Fig. 23(a) Fig. 23(b) Fig. 23(a) Fig. 23(a) Fig. 23(a) CASE 1 4 Fig VOF Fig. 7 k-ε LK Durbin CASE 4 LK Durbin CASE

24 Fig. 20 CASE 1 Comparison between experimental results and simulated results of flow structure in CASE 1 Fig. 21 CASE 2 Comparison between experimental results and simulated results of flow structure in CASE 2

25 浪平篤魚道内の流況に着目した階段式魚道の設計に関する研究 Fig. 22 CASE 3 の実験結果と解析結果の比較 Comparison between experimental results and simulated results of flow structure in CASE 3 Fig. 23 CASE 4 の実験結果と解析結果の比較 Comparison between experimental results and simulated results of flow structure in CASE 4 25

26 CASE a 2000b 0.6m 2 Fig m Fig. 7 L H Fig. 24 Table 7 Δh 2000a 2000b 1/10 1/20 D 0.2m 0.3m CASE Fig m 0.01m Fig. 24 Δh Table m 0.15m VOF F 20 F Fig a 2000b m Side view of the hydraulic model by Hayashida et al. (2000a, 2000b) and range of the simulation model by this research Table a 2000b Experimental cases by Hayashida et al. (2000a, 2000b) CASE L H Δh /7 1/12 1/22 1/7 1/12 1/22 1/7 1/12 1/

27 27 Δh 0.10m 2000a 2000bFig. 4 Fig. 25(a) Fig. 26 CASE 6 Fig. 27 Fig. 25(a) Fig. 26 CASE 1 CASE 4 CASE 2 CASE m CASE m m 2 2 CASE 3 Fig. 27 Δh 0.15m 2000a 2000bFig. 4 Fig. 25(b) Fig. 28 CASE 8 9 CASE CASE 4 7 Fig. 25(b) CASE 8 9 CASE Δh 0.10m Fig Fig b Experimental results of relationship between structural specifications and flow type (Hayashida et al., 2000b) VOF LK Durbin k-ε

28 Fig. 26 Δh 0.10m 2000a Observed flow structure when Δh=0.10m (Hayashida et al., 2000a)

29 29 Fig. 27 Δh 0.10m Simulated flow structure when Δh=0.10m

30 Fig. 28 Δh 0.15m Simulated flow structure at when Δh 0.15m

31 31 Fig a 2000b Δh 0.125m Δh 0.20m CASE 1 9 Table Fig. 5 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 29 L H Table 7 Δy Fig m Rajaratnam et al Cd 1 H Δh 0.15m CASE 1 CASE 4 Fig. 25(b) Fig. 28 H H b Fig. 29 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 29 Fig. 29 Table 7 Δh H Fig. 30 Fig. 30 H H H H L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 29 H Δh 0.15m CASE 9 Fig. 25(b) Fig. 28(i) Fig. 29 Fig. 29 The influence that structural specifications and overflow depth exert on flow type when circular arc type weir wall is used Fig. 30 H The influence of each H that structural specifications and overflow depth exert on flow type when circular arc type weir wall is used

32 Fig VOF LK Durbin k-ε L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy b Fig. 2 Fig Fig c 2006c Viecelli Hirt VOF Hirt

33 33 and Nichols 1981 LK 1995 Durbin Durbin 1996 k-ε Viecelli Hirt Fig. 31 Fa 0.5 A 1 A Fa A 1 A 2 Fa A 1 A Fa 0 Navier-Stokes N-S Fig. 31 Conceptual diagram of the representation for the inclined structure using the open volume fraction and the open area fraction of the cell in Cartesian coordinates 28 u' i u' j k-ε k-ε u' i u' j 29 ν t k δ ij ν t k ( ) 31 ( ) 27 ( ) 32 x i 2 i 1 i 2 u i x i u' i x i u' i u i u i p ρ ν G i x i D ij u' i u' j Fa A i u i A i D ij P k k C μ 0.09 C k 1.00 C ε 1.30 C ε C ε VOF Hirt and Nichols 1981 VOF F F 0 0 F 1 F 1

34 k-ε P k k-ε P k P k 35 LK D Ω Ω ij 37 ν t 38 Durbin Durbin b 0.6m 2 Fig m 2 Fig. 2 L H Fig. 32 Table 8 Δh Fig b m Side view of the hydraulic model by Hayashida et al. (2000b) Table b Experimental case by Hayashida et al. (2000b) CASE L H Δh /7 1/12 1/22 1/7 1/12 1/22 1/7 1/12 1/ b 1/10 1/20 D 0.2m 0.3m CASE Fig Fig Δy 0.1m Fig. 32 1m Δx 1 Δx m Δx 1 Δx m Fig

35 35 40 Fig. 33 Staggered arrangement of variables 2 Runge-Kutta 2 N-S k ε Harten-Yee TVD Yee 1986 VOF F Hirt and Nichols 1981 SMAC Amsden and Harlow 1970 Bi-CGStab 1991 SMAC simplified Marker and Cell method N-S SMAC SMAC CFL Δt Hirt and Nichols 1981 ( ) 39 Δx i x i Δt* ITER ITER* a ß γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 ITER min ITER max Table 8 Δh 0.10m VOF F Fig. 31 S 4 u 1 u 2 S u w 2005 u i u i 26 k F b Δh 0.10m Fig. 4 Fig. 34 CASE CASE b Fig. 35 Δx 1 Δx m Δh 0.10m Fig. 36

36 Fig CASE 8 CASE 8 Fig. 36(h) 2 Δx 1 Δx m CASE 8 Fig. 36 CASE 8 CASE 8 Fig. 34 CASE 8 Fig b Experimental results of relationship between structural specifications and flow type (Hayashida et al., 2000b) Fig. 34 CASE 3 CASE 9 Fig Fig. 36 CASE Fig. 36 VOF F 34 F Fig. 35 Δh 0.10m 2000b 2003 Observed flow structure when Δh 0.10m (Hayashida et al., 2000b; Honda et al., 2003)

37 37 Fig. 36 Δh 0.10m Simulated flow structure when Δh 0.10m

38 CASE VOF LK Durbin k-ε Fig b Δh 0.05m Δh 0.15m Δh 0.20m CASE 1 9 Table 8 Δh 0.10m Δh Δh 0.5 Δh 0.05m 3.0 Δh 0.15m 5.0 Δh 0.20m Fig. 5 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 37 L H Table 8 Δy 0.10m Δh 0.10m CASE 8 2 Fig Fig. 37 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 29 Fig. 37 Fig. 37 Table 8 Δh H Fig. 38 Fig. 38 H H H Fig. 30 H L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 37 H Δh 0.10m CASE 8 Fig. 37

39 39 Fig. 37 The influence that structural specifications and overflow depth exert on flow type when inclined type weir wall is used Fig. 38 H The influence of each H that structural specifications and overflow depth exert on flow type when inclined type weir wall is used Δh 0.10m CASE 8 Fig VOF LK Durbin k-ε L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy

40 Fig. 39 Fig. 39 Fig. 1 2 Table 2 3 Fig. 4 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy 2005 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 39 Fig. 39(a) (c) Fig. 5 Fig. 38 Fig. 30 Fig. 39(a) Fig. 39(b), (c) Fig. 39 Fig. 40 Fig. 40(b) Fig. 36(e) Fig. 40(c) Fig. 27(e) Fig. 40(a) Fig. 40(b) Fig. 39(b), (c) Δh H H H 2 H Fig. 39 Fig. 4 Fig. 39(c) VOF Hirt and Nichols 1981 LK 1995 Durbin Durbin 1996 k-ε Fig Fig Runge-Kutta 2 Navier-Stokes k ε Harten-Yee TVD Yee 1986 VOF F Hirt and Nichols 1981 Bi-CGStab

41 41 Fig. 39 L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy Fig. 39(a)~(c) Fig. 5 Fig. 38 Fig. 30 The influence that L/(H+Δh) and Δh/Δy for each shape of the crown of the weir wall exert on flow type Fig. 4 Fig. 39(b) 0 1 VOF Hirt and Nichols 1981 LK 1995 Durbin Durbin 1996 k-ε Fig. 31 Fig. 40 Δh 0.10m Simulated results of the influence that difference of shape of crown of weir wall exert on flow structure when Δh 0.10m Fig Fig Runge-Kutta 2 N-S k ε Harten-Yee TVD Yee 1986 VOF F Hirt and Nichols 1981 SMAC Amsden and Harlow 1970 Bi-CGStab Fig. 31 S 4 u 1 u 2 S u w

42 cm Fig. 41 Fig. 41(c) Fig. 41(a), (b) 70 80% 50% Fig. 12 Fig. 41 Fig Fig. 41(c) CASE 3 3 Fig H L Fig. 39(c) Fig. 41(a), (b) m/s Fig. 41(c) 2 1/5 1/10 1 1/20 1/ /20 1/10 1/10 3

43 浪平篤魚道内の流況に着目した階段式魚道の設計に関する研究 Fig. 41 魚道内の流況の解析結果とウグイの遡上経路の観測結果 Simulated flow structure and observed ascending route of Leuciscus hakonensis in the fishway 43

44 /5 1/10 LK Durbin k-ε VOF L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy 0 1 LK Durbin k-ε VOF L/ H+Δh Δh/Δy

45 Amsden, A. A., Harlow, F. H : A simplified MAC Technique for Incompressible Fluid Flow Calculations, Journal of Computational Physics, 6, Clay, C. H : Design of fishways and other fish facilities, Dep. of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Durbin, P. A : On the k-ε stagnation point anomaly, International Journal of Heat and Fluid flow, 17, Lagrange Proceeding of the International Symposium on Fishway 95 in Gifu, a b Hirt, C. W., Nichols, B. D : Volume of fluid VOF method for the Dynamics of free boundaries, Journal of Computational Physics, 39, Hirt, C. W : Volume-fraction techniques: powerful tools for wind engineering, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

46 Aerodynamics, 46&47, in B B Koshizuka, S., Tamako, H., Oka, Y : A particle method for imcompressible viscous flow with fluid fragmentation, Computational Fluid Dynamics JOURNAL, 4(1), Kumar, G. S., Nago, H., Maeno, S., Hoshina, T : Hydraulics of ice harbor type fishway, Proceeding of the International Symposium on Fishway 95 in Gifu, VOF k-ε k k-ε a VOF b c Phillips, N. A : A cordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting, Journal of Meteorology, 14, Rajaratnam, N., Katopodis, C., Mainali, A :Plunging and streaming flows in pool and weir fishway, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(8), ASCE, /

47 Tsukamoto, K., Kajihara, T., Nishiwaki, M : Swimming Ability of Fish, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 41(2), Viecelli, J. A : A Computing Method for Incompressible Flows Bounded by Moving Walls, Journal of Computational Physics, 8, Yabe, T., Wang, P. Y : United Numerical Procedure for Compressible and Incompressible Flow, Journal of Physical Society of Japan, 60(7), Yee, H. C : Linearized form of implicit TVD schemes for the multidimensional Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 12A, 4/5, FRESH-FV

48 Studies on Design of Pool-and-Weir Type Fishway Focusing Flow Structure in the Fishway NAMIHIRA Atsushi Summary Recently, consideration to harmony with the ecosystem is strongly requested. In headworks that are indispensable to the agricultural production of our country, the importance of fishway has increased very much. It is common that pooland-weir type fishway is more suitable for upstream migration of fishes in a lot of types, because the energy of the flow is dissipated enough and the flow structure become comparatively simple in this type if it is designed adequately. However, there are some cases in which this type does not function fully in the field due to inadequate design. Threfore, the objective of this study was to establish the design of pool-and-weir type fishway which fulfills its merit more, provided that the structure in which the weir walls has no noch and orifice was target, because even this most simple structure has not been studied enough either. First of all, relationship between the flow structure and the swimming behavior of Leuciscus hakonensis in individual pool of pool-and-weir type fishway under a variety of discharge conditions were clarified by observations using a fullsize hydraulic model composed of three pools. Next, new numerical analysis methods based on computational fluid dynamics were established for pool-and-weir type fishway whish has weir walls with circular arc shaped crown and pool-and-weir type fishway whish has weir walls with inclined crown. From a comparison with experimental measurements, it was clarified that these two methods can become accurate, efficient, general prediction procedures of the flow structure in pool-and-weir type fishway for its design and these are more accurate than existing methods. It is assumed that these a series of study results can improve the possibility to design pool-and-weir type fishway in which its merits function more fully than ever, and make this type more widely applied. In addition, these results are expected to contribute to not only constructing new one but also evaluating the performance of existing one and rehabilitating it, because most of existing fishways is this type in our country. Keywords: pool-and-weir type fishway, flow structure, Leuciscus hakonensis, swimming behavior, computational fluid dynamics

第６２巻　第１号　平成２４年４月／石こうを用いた木材ペレット

第６２巻　第１号　平成２４年４月／石こうを用いた木材ペレット Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 62. No. 1 (2012) Development of Two-Dimensional Simple Simulation Model and Evaluation of Discharge Ability for Water Discharge of Firefighting