Defection Cooperation 2003, p.12

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1 Social Dilemmas Dawes, 1980 Social Order Dawes

2 Defection Cooperation 2003, p.12

3

4 behavioral modification c.f structural strategy

5 (psychological strategy) behavioral strategy belief attitude ascribed responsibility trust moral obligation conscience c.f. Vlek, 1996 c.f. Axelrod, 1986

6 c.f c.f. Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Von Neumann, and Morgenstern, 1944 possible outcome possibility c.f. Kahneman and Tversky 1979; Von Neumann, and Morgenstern, 1944 sanctioning system detection system c.f. Yamagishi, 1988

7 100% 100 second order dilemma problem c.f. 2003

8 c.f. Tyler, Beckmann, Smith, and Huo 1997 (retaliative justice/fairness) distributive justice/fairness procedural justice/fairness (c.f. Tyler, Beckmann, Smith, and Huo 1997)

9 c.f. Deci and Ryan, 1985 extrinsic intrinsic reward and punishment decision frame c.f. Kahneman & Tversky, 1984 business-matter frame ethical-matter frame Tenbrunsel and Messick, 1999

10 Tenbrunsel and Messick 1999 (Mulder, van Dijk., De Cremer, and Wilke, 2006) c.f bad apple effect; c.f. Bonacich, Shure, Kahan & Meeker, 1976

11

12 Schwartz 1977 Normative influences on altruism (social norm) Dawes 1980 social dilemma moral public acceptance

13 Consequentialism Non Consequentialism c.f. Parfit, 1984

14 X Y X Schwartz 1977 norm activation theory Weber, 1919

15 Fujii, 2006)

16 Eek, Loukopoulos, Fujii, S. & Gärling (2002) c.f. 2003

17 (2000)

18

19 p. 78

20

21 1 1 1 p. 78 1

22 c.f. Dawes, 1980; 2003 [1]

23 Kahneman, & Tversky,1984 c.f framing

24

25 c.f intentionality [2]

26 1981

27 [1]

28 [2] 2003,. Axelrod, R. (1986) An evolutionary approach to norms, American Political Science Review, 80, Bonacich, P., Shure, G. H., Kahan, J.P. & Meeker, R.J. (1976) Cooperation and group size in N-person prisoners dilemma, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20, Dawes, R. M 1990 Social dilemmas. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M.: Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press, New York, Eek, D., Loukopoulos, P., Fujii, S. and Gärling, T. (2002) Spill-over effects of intermittent costs for defection in social dilemmas, European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, (2003) TDM 21 (4) pp Fujii, S. (2006) Can state regulation of car use activate moral obligation to use sustainable modes of transport? CD-ROM for proceedings of 11th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, Kyoto.

29 2001, 28(1), Kahneman, D and A. Tversky (1979) Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, Habermas, J. (1981) The Theory of Communicative Action, Beacon Pr; Reprint, UK. ( ( ), ( ) 1987, ). Mulder, L.B., van Dijk, E., De Cremer, D. and Wilke, H.A.M. (2006) When Sanctions Fail to Increase Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: Considering the Presence of an Alternative Option to Defect, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (10), pp Parfit, D. (1984) Reasons and Persons, Oxford University Press. ( 1998) Schwartz, S.H. (1977) Normative influences on altruism. IN L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology, vol.10. New York: Academic Press. Pp R.W. M.E Tenbrunsel, A.T. and Messick, D.M (1999) Sanctioning systems, decision frames, and cooperation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (4), Tyler, T. R., Beckmann, R. J., Smith, H. J. and Huo, Y. J. (1997) Social Justice in a Diverse Society, Westview Press, Boulder, CO(, Vlek, C. A. J.: Collective risk generation and risk management; The unexploited potential of the social dilemmas paradigm. In W. B. G. Liebrand & D M. Messick (Eds.), Frontiers in social dilemmas research, Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp , Von Neumann, J., and O. Morgenstern (1944) Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton

30 University Press, Princeton. Weber, M. (1919) Politik als Beruf. ( 1980.) Wittgensterin, L. (1953) Philosophische Untersuchungen, Basil Brackwell., 8, Yamagishi T The provision of sanctioning system in the United States and Japan. Social Psychology Quarterly 51: Yamagishi, T.: The structural goal/expectation theory of cooperation in social dilemmas. In E. Lawler and B. Morkovsky (ed.), Advances in Group Processes, Vol. 3,. Greenwich, CT: JAL, pp , 1986.

\ The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1996, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1-11 1 \ \3 \ \5 \ \9 \ Heath, A. 1976 Rational choice and social exchange; A critique of exchange theory. Cambridge;

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