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18 status quo status quo The European Union and Border Conflicts. The Power of Integration and Association/ Ed. by Th. Diez, M.Albert, S. Stetter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, P Barkin J.S. International Organization: theories and institutions. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, P Kivim01ki T. Power, interest, or culture ｨC is there a paradigm that explains ASEAN ｯs political role best?/ T. Kivim01ki// Pacific Review (4), P The ASEAN Charter. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, P.5. 5 Weatehrbee D.E. International Relations of Southeast Asia: The struggle for Autonomy/D.E. Weatherbee. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, P

19 ASEAN needs to position itself as the 'Third Force', says Najib/ The Star Bitzinger R.A. IMDEX Asia: Southeast Asian Naval Expansion and Defence Spending [Electronic Resource]/ R.A. Bitzinger// RSIS Commentary. No.120, May 19, Mode of access: &utm_campaign=rsis_publications&utm_content=rsis+commentary+ 120%2F2015+IMDEX+ASIA%3A+Southeast+Asian+Naval+Expansion+and +Defence+Spending+by+Richard+A.+Bitzinger+ 19

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48 ｨC ｨC ｨC (2013) South China Sea. International Energy Data and Analysis. US Energy Information Administration. 7 February. // 2 (2015) BP Statistical Review of World Energy. June. P // /bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf 48

49 (2014) China unveils energy strategy, targets for Xunhua. 19 November. // , : ( , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , ｨC , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , , , ) : (2013) Food Security in Asia and the Pacific. ｨC Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asia Development Bank. ｨC P ｨCP. 8,14. 6 (2013) South China Sea. International Energy Data and Analysis. US Energy Information Administration. 7 February. // 7 (2015) Who rules the waves?. The Economist. 17 October. // 8 (2014) South China Sea Tensions Worry Shippers. Universal Cargo. 20 May. // Tensions-Worry-Shippers 9 (2014) Rosenfeld E. Chinese naval push could affect global trade. CNBC. 29 August. // 10 Clinton H. (2011) America ｯs Pacific Century. Foreign Policy. 11 October. // 11 (2015) China ｯs Military Strategy. The State Council Information Office of the People ｯs Republic of China. May. // : (2015) Security and Cooperation in the South China Sea: Actual Problems and Conflict Resolution. M.: Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS; 49

50 (2014) Security and Cooperation in the South China Sea. M.: Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS. 14 ASEAN Regional Forum. Concept and Principles of Preventive Diplomacy. Adopted at the 8th ARF, 25 July // ASEAN Regional Forum. Preventive Diplomacy Work Plan. Approved by ARF SOM. 10 June // , ｨC1 7.: , Remarks at Press Availability. Hillary Rodham Clinton. Secretary of State. National Convention Center. Hanoi, Vietnam. July 23, // 17 Cheng-Chwee Kuik (2015). An Emerging 3rd Pillar in Asian Architecture? AIIB and Other China-led Initiatives. Asia-Pacific Bulletin. 26 March. // ode&id= Heydarian R.J. (2015) Time for US-Asean Maritime Cooperation in the South China Sea. The Establishment Post. May 11. // 19 Southeast Asia Energy Outlook // IEA, World Energy Outlook Special Report, September P URL: nergyoutlook_weo2013specialreport.pdf 20 APEC Key Indicators Database. StatAPEC. // ｨC Hund M. Malacca Strait traffic hits an all time high in 2014, VLCCs and dry bulk lead growth. Seatrade Maritime News. 27 February // Transit Statistics. Northern Sea Route Information Office. // 50

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76 Damien Kingsbury. Diversity in Unity//Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia ｭ Pp Ibid. 22 Bambang W. Soeharto. Menangani Konflik di Indonesia. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta, Hal The Straits Times (Singapore), & The Jakarta Post, Suara Pembaruan, ; ANTARA News.com., The Jakarta Post.com/news/ /government ｭ 28 Suara Pembaruan, The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, ; The Jakarta Post, Sinar Harapan, The Jakarta Globe, Suara Pembaruan (Jakarta), The Jakarta Post, ; Suara Pembaruan The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, ; The Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Post, Antara News.com., Suara Pembaruan,

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117 Pioneer Generation Package GE2015: PAP saw swing in support from middle-, high-income earners, IPS survey finds // middle-high-income-earners-ips-survey-finds?xtor=erec-16-2[st_newsletter_pm] [GE2015%3A+PAP+saw+swing+in+support+from+middle-%2C+highincome+earners%2C+IPS+survey+finds]&xts= GE2015: Hot-button issues still matter but 'stark contrast' in how PAP and non-pap voters view government performance, says IPS survey // 3 GE2015 spending: PAP candidates spent $5.3m while the eight opposition parties' expenses totalled $1.8m // 53m-while-the-eight-opposition-parties-expenses 4 Voters urged to beware of f using opposition as insurance // The Straits Times, 09/09/ More future leaders needed for S'pore, says PM Lee // The Straits Times, 09/09/ Polling scorecard // The Straits Times, 11/09/ NSP man sparks storm over motherhood // The Straits Times, 05/09/ GE2015: Singapore Democratic Alliance's second party political broadcast // 10 Polling scorecard // The Straits Times, 11/09/

118 Singapore People ｯs Party. We ｯre more in touch with the ground // The Straits Times, 05/09/ SPP ｮnot giving up on Potong Pasir ｯ // The Straits Times, 14/09/ SPP ｮnot giving up on Potong Pasir ｯ // The Straits Times, 14/09/ SDP candidate had been accused by Minister Vivian of 'distorting' his warning over graft // The Straits Times, 07/09/ Reform Party 'Enough funds for handouts' // The Straits Times, 07/09/ Polling scorecard // The Straits Times, 11/09/ Lydia Lim. Return of political contest for hearts and minds // The Straits Times, 10/09/ S ｯporeans value CPF ｯs good returns: PM // The Straits Times, 11/09/ Social media and the eclipse of the opposition / 21 Ten reflections on GE 2015 // 22 Lydia Lim. Return of political contest for hearts and minds // 10, Norshahril Saat. After PAP ｯs big win, avoid pitfalls of dominant parties // The Straits Times, 17/09/ PM Lee Hsien Loong sends letter to PAP MPs on rules of prudence and proper conduct // 25 One month after GE2015 // The Sunday Times. 11/10/

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125 ｭ the scope and scale of China ｯs reclamation activities far, far, far exceed that of any other country that is undertaking them, including Vietnam ｭLargely dependent on China ｭcapacity building in the maritime realm to deter aggression and unilateral action ｭ

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156 ｨC Presidential Decree No.1773 // A.Q.Yoingco, op.cit.,c B. E. Diokno ｰReforming the Philippine Tax System: Lessons from Two Tax Reform Programs ｱ, School of Economics. University of the Philippines. Discussion Paper No March 2005, c.6 // File/122/ Investment Incentives Act ｨC R.A.No (Export Incentives Act ｨC R.A.No Agricultural Incentives Act ｨC Presidential Decree No January June e E Omnibus Investments Code ｨC Presidential Decree No.1789) ｨC R.G. Manasan ｰPublic Finance in the Philippines: a Review of the Literature. Philippine Institute For Development Studies. Working paper March 1981 // 13 A. Q. Yoingco, op.cit., c Philippine Development Report. Creating More and Better Jobs. Document of the World Bank. September 2013, c.225 // /PDRFullReport.pdf 15 Country Study and Country Guide. Philippines. Fiscal Policy // 16 B E. Diokno, op. cit., c.6 17 data. worldbank.org/indicator/ NY. GDP/MKTP.KDP.MKTP?page=5&page=6 18 B. E. Diokno, op.cit.,c.6 19 Francis Xavier M. Vicente ｰPhilippine Tax Leakages: an Assessment ｱ. Technical Report Prepared for Bureau of Internal Revenue, Republic of the Philippines. Submitted for Review to USAID/Philippines OEDG. Makati City, Philippines, January 2006, c // 156

157 Ibidem, c.17-18; Philippine Development Report ｭ, c.225; R.M. Aldaba ｰFDI Investment Incentive System and FDI Flows. The Philippine Experience. Makati City, November 2006, c.2 ac. uk/download/pdf/ hdf 21 B. E. Diokno, op. cit., c.9 22 R.A.No.7496, an Act adopting the simplified net income taxation scheme for the self-employed and professionals engaged in the practice of their profession, amending sections 21 and 29 of the National Internal Revenue Code as amended // ｨC The Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum. Geneva, 2013,c B. E. Diokno, op.cit., c ｰAddressing the weaknesses of the past ｱ // 27 National Internal Revenue Code of 1997/Tax Reform Act of 1997 (republic Act No.8424), Section 2.State Policy ｨC B.E.Diokno. op. cit., c.11; ｰAddressing the weaknesses of the past; // ｨC http://www. bir. gov.ph/index.php/tax-code.html 29 V.Fabella and K.K.T.Chua ｰBIR Reform Initiatives: Why Is Success So Elusive? ｱ, c.215 // 30 ADB Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015.Mandaluyong City, Philippines, ADB,2015,c.343; B.E.Diokno,o.cit.,c c ,76 % ,79% ｨC ｰTariffs and Other Barriers in Intraregional Trade ｱ. ESCAP TID Staff Working Paper 01/09, c.12 // 32.R.A.No.9334 An Act Increasing the Excise Tax Rates Imposed on Alcohol and Tobacco Products< Amending ｭthe National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as Amended 157

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176 http:// ( ndia ( 11 Boisselier J. Op. cit., pp. 201, 227, ill VIｨCVII Angkor Vat and A Millennium of Khmer Art. Tokyo Guillon E. Cham Art. Treasures from the Dｨ Nang Museum, Vietnam. Bangkok, 2001, fig ( (Bunker E.C., Latchford D.A.J. Khmer Gold. Gifts for the Gods. Chicago, 2008, fig. 3.17, 3.18). 15 Boisselier J. Op. cit., p. 95, ill (Bunker E.C., Latchford D.A.J.Op.cit.,fig. 3.16, 3.20). 17 Drewes D. Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship // Religion Compass. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2010, Vol. 4/2, pp. 55ｨC ( ｨC ( ｨC // , 2001) (Fickle D.H. Crowned Buddha Images in Southeast Asia. // Art and Archaeology in Thailand. Bangkok, 1974, fig. 9) etails.aspx?objectid=2411&partid=1&searchtext=sculpture+of+the+buddha +Burma&page=

177 Stratton C. Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Chicago, 2004, p Fickle D.H. Op. cit., pp. 85ｨC88). 27 Deydier H. 07tudes d ｯiconographie bouddhique et br09hmanique // BEFEO, ｨC Griswold A.B , pp. 8ｨC : Boun Souk (Thao). L ｯimage du Buddha dans l ｯart lao. Vientiane, 1971, p. 21, ill. 16; Lopetcharat S. Lao Buddha. The Image and Its History. Thailand, 2000, pp. 180ｨC Lopetcharat S. Op. cit., p ( VIIIｨCIX ｨC65) ｨC XVI

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216 Dr. Dmitry Mosyakov. Rapprochement of Vietnam and the US and the policy of China The paper analyses the US attempts to realize the 00hedge policy03 formula aimed at creating a barrier against China ｯs expansion engaging the Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. The author stresses that with the situation along the Asian arc of instability getting more tense the struggle for dominant influence in South-East Asia has become excessively acrimonious. It is manifested in the high seas where both countries increase their presence and on the continent where the rivals try to dominate in one Southeastern country or another. Keywords: hedging policy, The US, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, South-China Sea. Dr. Ekaterina Koldunova. ASEAN at the present stage and the problems of regional stability The article dwells on the controversial moments of ASEAN development at the present stage and the problems of regional stability. The author stresses that almost 50-years long institutional history of ASEAN makes it possible to assume that the Association has formed as a special type of integration unity with its unique approach to regional cooperation. ASEAN has turned into the main if not the only mechanism of regional stability. Keywords: ASEAN, normative culture, security problems, resolution of conflicts, model of integration. Dr. Yuri Raikov. Territorial problems and security in East Asia The paper studies territorial problems in East Asia, as the more relevant, resonant and difficult regional problems. The leading states of the region such as China and Japan as well as several ASEAN countries are engaged in these conflicts. The problems of the world ocean (development of the shelf, subsoil of the seabed, and delimitation of the water and islands territories) play more important role in the world policy. In early 21st century the rivalry between the littoral states on the legal regime of bodies of water and exploitation of seabed resources has intensified. The importance of these issues, given that they affect the interests of virtually all states in the Asia-Pacific region, is constantly increasing. 216

217 Keywords: South-China Sea, East China Sea, Spratly, Par1 7cel and Senkaku islands, territorial disputes, East Asia, nine-dotted line, the air defense area. Dr. Evgeny Kanaev. The interdependent Eurasia and the problems of the South China Sea Until recently the success of the attempts to resolve the problems of the South China Sea had undermined the misbalance between it and instruments to maintain it in the controlled framework. The growing global importance of the problem had not been accompanied by adequate new approaches to its regulation, still being of regional nature. The formation of a consolidated Eurasia where the idea of growing regional interconnection will evolve could provide a chance to remove the misbalance. And the prospects of A , the SCO and the EAEC cooperation have the potential to become a means to correct the shortcomings of previous approaches to the problem of the South China Sea and will facilitate its evolution in a peaceful non-confrontational manner. Keywords: South China Sea, ASEAN, ASEAN+8, SCO, EAEC. Dr. Alexey Drugov. Indonesia: Unity in Diversity in the Reform Era The motto ｰUnity in Diversity ｱ at the Indonesian coat of arms reflects the ethnos plurality, diversity of religions and cultures in this country. It was retained and implemented during the whole history of the independent Republic of Indonesia since 1945 by different regimes and different methods. With the start of the reform era in 1998 the Indonesian government had to overcome heavy heritage of ethnic and confessional conflicts. The roots of these conflicts are not merely in religious differences but above all in disparities of social and economic development of ethnic groups and regions of the country. Keywords: Indonesia, ethnic diversity, political regime, religions, economic disparity, army. Dr. Nadezhda Bektimirova. Is a culture of dialogue feasible in Cambodia? This article examines tangible changes in the political environment of Cambodia, which have manifested in an increased degree of competitiveness between two political parties ｨC the ruling 217

218 Cambodian People ｯs Party and the oppositional Cambodia National Rescue Party. Having recognized the futility of open confrontation both parties have proclaimed their commitment to a new principle of political interaction based on the adoption of a culture of political dialogue. Among the constitutive elements of such a culture are a move away from reciprocal, frequently offensive, verbal attacks, openness to constructive cooperation and a search for the most mutually acceptable and beneficial forms of compromise. One of the most significant real results of the introduction of the culture of political dialogue into Cambodia ｯs socio-political life was the implementation of a long-overdue, large-scale electoral reform. Keywords: Cambodia, Cambodian People's Party, Cambodia National Rescue Party, culture of political dialogue, electoral reform, interparty cooperation. Dr. Saengphalkhan Vathanuvong. The contribution of Laos to the formation of the three ASEAN Communityis This article examines the process of the formation of the three pillars of the ASEAN Community in Laos. The author emphasises the process of economic integration and highlights real progress in the creation of the free trade zone between Laos and ASEAN countries as a key step in solidifying membership in the ASEAN Economic Community. The paper also considers the wide array of measures taken by the Laos government to ensure smooth entry into the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. Keywords: Laos, ASEAN, ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, economic development, reform, cooperation, integration. Ekaterina Astafieva. Singapore: general elections of The work dwells on the latest national parliamentary elections in Singapore of 11 September 2015 with the ruling Party of People ｯs Action winning a convincing victory. The author analyses the factors that resulted in the PPA success as well as the general ideas and positions of the election programs of the ruling party and several oppositional parties. Keywords: Singapore, general parliamentary elections, PPA, Workers ｯ Party, Singapore People ｯs Party, Reform Party, Singapore Democratic Alliance, opposition. 218

219 Anton Tsvetov. The problem of the South-China Sea in the discourse of relations between Vietnam and the US: dynamics and meaning. The article deals with the problem of the South-China Sea, one of the central problems of the general system of sea security in the East Asia. The author underlines that in the complex interstate relations of the South-East Asian Region one of the leading pairs is Vietnam-American partnership. Given the growing interest of the USA to the South-China Sea, one can say that the role and place of the territorial disputes in the US-Vietnam relations enables to simultaneously consider both the dynamics of bilateral relation and that of the regional balance of power. Keywords: South-China Sea, security problems, South-China Sea, territorial disputes, the USA, Vietnam, the CPR. Dr. Gregory Lokshin. The Philippines against China in the Haig tribunal The article examines the problem of territorial disputes in the South-China Sea, particularly the Philippine ｯs lawsuit against China in the Arbitrational Tribunal in the Haig of 22 January The author stresses that the lack of the normative status of the South- China Sea leads to endless legal dispute, diplomatic conflicts and dangerous incidents. The debate is on three questions: the delimitation of the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and continental shelf; sovereignty over the islands; freedom of navigation in the EEZ and in the vicinity of the archipelagos. Keywords: South-China Sea, the Philippines, China, Vietnam, territorial disputes. Dr. Anna Muranova. Tax Reforms in the Philippines, The author attempted to analyze tax reforms initiated by the Philippine government over the long period of some forty years. The principal objective of tax reforms was to make the tax system simpler, more modern and more effective and to broaden its tax base. The paper reveals the main landmarks and trends of the Philippine tax system ｯs reforming and its principal results. The paper is based on various tax acts and official statistics of the Philippine government and publications of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Asian Development Bank. 219

220 Keywords: The Philippines, tax system, tax reforms, tax acts, direct and indirect taxes. Dr. Anatoly Sokolov. A.L. Razumova: reconstruction of the biography. The paper attempts to reconstruct the biography of A.L. Nazimova ( ), who for a long time had been working in the Comintern structures. She was a pioneer of practical study of the then French colony of Indochina in our country; she laid the foundation for research and academic discipline of Vietnam studies in our country. Many of the facts introduced by the author into scientific circulation for the first time. Keywords: Commenter, international communist movement, colonial question, Indochina, the Communist University of the workers of the Orient, the Communist Party of France, Vietnamese/Anamneses language. Dr. Natalya Gozheva examines image of the 00Crowned03 Buddha in the art of Indochina, the conceptual content of which is defined by the canonical tenets of Buddhism with the evolution of its artistic expression being influenced by the local religious and aesthetic traditions. This explains the emergence of a variety of iconographic and stylistic interpretations of this image in the art of Theravada countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand and Laos. Keywords: 00Crowned03 Buddha, Buddhism, Theravada, Indochina, Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos. Dr. Maxim Sunnenberg. Different fates from the same harem: Impresses and power in Daiviet in 15th century. The paper based on the materials of the Vietnamese medieval chronicles is concentrated on the reconstruction of the biographies of the three 15th century outstanding women ｨC the two wives of the imperator Le Thai Tong and the spouse of the famous dignitary Nguen Chai. The study of their activity is important to understand the problem of women participation in political life and their place in the system of power in Vietnamese Diviet Empire in 15th century. Nguyen Thi Anh, Ngo Thi Ngoc Dao, Nguyen Thi Lo were involved in one of the most mystique events in Vietnamese history ｨC the death of the Emperor Le Thai Tong ｨC which makes identifica- 220

221 tion of their role in this case very important from the academic point of view. Keywords: Women and power in Vietnam, the Emperor ｯs harem, Nguyen Thi Anh, Ngo Thi Ngoc Dao, Nguyen Thi Lo, Nguyen Trai, Le Thai Tong. 221

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