New Public Management NPM Walsh Leibenstein, H. X Leibenstein1966 Leibenstein1969 X X X X Blois ue

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1 X A Consideration of Bureaucratic X-Inefficiency by the Theory of Inert Areas Toshio Uemura Abstract In this paper, I will investigate the various causes and effects of the X-inefficiency in the Governmental bureaucracy. The analytical tools that will be used are the theories of inert areas and effort positions. I think they are powerful analytical weapons to deal with the bureaucratic inefficiencies. Finally, it is a key point to overcome the inert areas of the bureaucracy in the public sector for the sake of Japanese economic reform and progress. Mail Address : uetoshio@asiau.ac.jp

2 New Public Management NPM Walsh Leibenstein, H. X Leibenstein1966 Leibenstein1969 X X X X Blois ue

3 u e UE UY Leibenstein, H., Beyond Economic Man, 1976p.114. ue UY UY UE 2 X Inert Area Blois1974p.681

4 M UE X 1 X 0 X 2 Leibenstein1969p.609. UE UUEU E0 1 Uc 2 LM 1 X1 X2 X0 X2 M X0 ΔU LM Uc a Stable Inert Area with no movement at

5 UE Blois, K.J.,1974p.682. X 3 X 4 X 0 X 5 X 6 allleibenstein1969p.698 Leibenstein Blois, K. J. Uc LM an Internal Inert Area with no movement within the area 2 Leibenstein1969 p X3 X4 X5 X6 X3X4 MLUc

6 ΔU Uc 1 APQTLeibenstein1976p Leibenstein1976p.275 aa1a2aka 2 aa1a2aiaij 3 pp1ppkp 4

7 pp1p2pipij 5 qq1q2qkq 6 qq1q2qiqij 7 tt1t2tkt 8 tt1t2titij 9 eapqt 10 A P Q T ai piqiti eapqt 2 ei Ai AiAiai1ai2Aiaij ei t aij P e ijt ei t aij Q e ijt a t effortfulness α β ei Leibenstein1976 p.116 Ei P e ijt Q e ijt 11 Eiα P e ijt β Q e ijt α1β1 12 α β α β α1β1 α0β0 A T α β

8 E 0 N 5 E 2 N 4 E 7 N 3 E 6 N 2 E 1 N 1 E 5 E 3 E 4 Egαβ 13 α β α β α β E0EE1 14 E0 E1 α β

9 M UE 2 UE 0 UE 1 X 1 X 2 X 1 Leibenstein1976pp E0 E1 α β E4 E4 α β E4 E0 E4 N1 N1N2 N3N4N5 MEL E1 E1 Uc E0 3 Leibenstein1976p.124

10 Leibenstein1976pp not being one s own master 5 1 UE0 UE1 2 UE0 UE2 X0 X1 X2 α β EU2 EU1 4 E0 E3 E0 E2 N3 N1 N2 N4 N5 α β Leibenstein1969p constant effort intensity2 γ δ t1 t2 QIMVOMU MCUQ Tit1t2 15

11 δ MU MCUQ I 4 I 3 MVO I 2 I 1 R I 0 Q 5 J S Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 γ Leibenstein1969p.604 Qi MVO Ii MU MVO MU RS 2 RS I Q

12 R S t1 t2 S RS Q I MCUQ T R J S 4 1 combined inert areablois1974p UW X1 X3 UM X2 X4 X2 X3 Follet, M.P. 1 2

13 UW UM X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 Blois1974p.683MCUQ 3 Follet1949 pp

14 Y 1 Y 2 UW UM X 6 X 7 X 8 X 10 X 9 X 11 X 12 X 13 Blois1974p UM UW X10 X11 X12 X13 X6 X7 X8 X9 X6 X7 X10 X11

15 1 Berle, A.A. Means, G.C Berle and Means1932 Galbraith, J.K. Galbraith1967 p Monsen, R.J.Jr.Downs, A. MonsenandDowns1965p.99

16 Blois1972 p.311 Leibenstein 1977p Aoki1988 p p.90 Aoki1988 p Aoki1988pp

17 Gentile, R. X Gentile and Leibenstein1979 X 2007pp

18 NPM Uc Leibenstein X Leibenstein Goldsmith and Eggers Aoki, Masahiko1988, Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy, Cambridge University press.1992 Berle, A.A. and Means, G.C.1932, The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York: Macmillan Press. A.A.G.C.1968 Blois, K.J.1972, A Note on X-Efficiency and Profit Maximization, Quarterly Journal of Economics, May. Blois, K.J.1974, Some Comments on the Theory of Inert Areas and the Definition of X-Efficiency, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Aug. Follet, M.P.1949, Freedom and Co-ordination, ed. by Urwick, L.H.M.P Galbraith, J.K.1967, The New Industrial State, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.J.K Gentile, R. and Leibenstein, H.1979, Micro-economics, X-Efficiency Theory and Policy : Cleaning the Lens, Man, Environment, Space and Time, Vol.1,No.1. Goldsmith, S. and Eggers, D.2004, Governing by Network : The New Shape of the Public Sector, The Brookings Institution Press.S. W.D Leibenstein, H.1966, Allocative Efficiency vs. X-Efficiency, Americam Econoimic Review, Jun. Leibenstein, H.1969, Organizational or Frictional Equilibria, X-Efficiency, and the Rate of Innovation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov., Vol. 83, Issue 4. Leibenstein, H.1974, Comment on Inert Areas and the Definition of X-Efficiency, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov., Vol. 88, Issue4, pp , 3;AN

19 Leibenstein, H.1976, Beyond Economic Man, Harvard University Press. Leibenstein, H.1977, X-Efficiency, Technical Efficiency, and Incomplete Information Use: A Comment, Economic Development & Cultural Change, Jan, Vol.25, Issue 2. Leibenstein, H.1982, Worker Motivation and X-Efficiency Theory : A Comment, Journal of Economic Issues, Sep, Vol. 16, Issue 3, p.872. Monsen, R.J.Jr. and Downs, A.1965, A Theory of Large Managerial Firms, Journal of Political Econmy, June X pp.14. Walsh, K.1995, Public Services and Market Mechanisms, Macmillan Press Ltd., p.284.

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