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1 Med. Entomol. Zool. Vol. 63 No. 1 p ,2) 3) 4) 5,6) Sudipta Roychoudhury 1) 1) 7,8) 7,8) 7,8) Occurrence of vector mosquitoes at Tsunami disaster areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake Mamoru Watanabe* 1,2), Haruna Watanabe 3), Yuichiro Tabaru 4), Motokazu Hirao 5,6), Sudipta Roychoudhury 1), Kyoko Sawabe 1), Yoshihiro Ishikawa 7,8), Taketo Kawabata 7,8) and Kakuro Kanno 7,8) * Corresponding author: Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan (tabanus-wata@titan.ocn.ne.jp) 1) Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 2) Department of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University Graduate School, Midori-machi 582 1, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan 3) Tsuwami 29, Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan 4) Fuji Environmental Service Inc., 4 4 Mitsuwa 3, Hatogaya, Saitama Japan 5) Hirao Biological Institute, Kita, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan 6) Japan Pest Control Association, 3 4 Kanda Kajimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 7) Nippon International Cooperation for Community Development, 101 Nishi-Rokkaku-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan 8) Semco Co., Ltd., Kawanishi-cho,Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan (Received 16 January 2012; Accepted 6 February 2012) Abstract: To evaluate vector situations in the disaster areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake we conducted field studies on the occurrence of mosquitoes in Rikuzentakata City, Iwate Prefecture and Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture almost every three weeks from June to October and in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Pefecture in September For adult collections we placed dry-ice baited CDC-light traps at selected sites and captured totals of 3,088 Culex pipiens, 1,430 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 62 Aedes albopictus, 58 Cx. inatomii, 13 Anopheles sinensis, and 8 Ae. togoi. The first two species were captured in large quantities. Mean adult density of Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. inatomii at Tsunami sub-area was significantly higher than No Tsunami and boundary sub-area. In 12

2 32 Med. Entomol. Zool. each study area, many larval habitats such as unmanaged paddy fields, destroyed houses, and ground pools were found with brackish water. We collected immature of An. sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. inatomii from those larval habitats. Larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were abundant in wells, fish tanks, irrigation channels and roadside gutters remained in the area. Also, many larvae of Ae. togoi were collected at a high rate from exposed septic tanks at the basement of destroyed houses and broken fishing boats. Key words: mosquito, dry-ice trap, larval collection, blood-meal analysis, outbreak, tsunami Aedes togoi (Theobald) Culex inatomii Kamimura and Wada (Tsuda et al., 2009) Cx. tritaenioniorhynchus Giles Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann 6 10 CDC Miniature Light Trap (John W. Hock, USA) 1 kg 1.5 m 1.5 m Sawabe et al. (2010) Kasai et al. (2009) 500 m Fig. 1 I 3 km Fig. 1 II Fig. 1 III 9km Fig. 1 IV Fig. 1 V (III) (I) (II) (IV)

3 Vol. 63 No Fig. 1 A Map showing the location of five study areas. I; Shimowano, Rikuzentakata, II; Kamiosabe, Rikuzentakata, III; Southern part of Kesennuma, IV; Hashikami, Kesennuma V; Kashimaku, Minamisoma 33 (V) (No Tsunami sub-area) (Tsunami sub-area) (Boundary sub-area) Table 1 Table 2 I m 6 Table 1 I 5 m 250 m 3 m 1 m 2 m Table 1. Location and environmental conditions of the study areas. Study area Location Environmental condition I Shimowano, Rikuzentakata, N Tsunami area, down town foot of a hill, residential area Iwate prefecture E around the Takata elemenntary school II Kamiosabe, Rikuzentakata, N Tsunami area, down town, basin of osabe river Iwate prefecture E141, paddy field III Southern part of Kesennuma, N Tsunami area, river side of Okawa, residential area Miyagi prefecture E garden IV Hashikami,Kesennuma, N Tsunami area, valley, paddy field, fishing port Miyagi prefecture E V Kashimaku, Minamisoma, N Tsunami area, lower basin of Mano river, paddy field Fukushima prefecture E Table 2. Number of traps distributed at 3 sub-areas within 5 study areas examined in this study. Study area Sub-area* Tsunami Boundary No Tsunami Shimowano (I) 2 (No. 1, 2) 3 (No.3,5,6) 1 (No. 4) 6 Kamiosabe(II) 3 (No. 1, 2, 3) 2 (No. 4,5) 1 (No. 6) 6 South Kesennuma (III) 7 (No. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) 3 (No. 1, 2, 10) 2 (No. 11, 12) 12 Hashikami (IV) 6 (No. 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12) 2 (No. 11, 8) 4 (No. 1, 2, 3, 6) 12 Kashimaku (V) 7 (No. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) 4 (No. 2, 3, 4, 12) 1 (No. 1) 12 * Tsunami within the Tsunami disaster area, Boundary border between Tsunami and no Tsunami area, No Tsunami outside of the Tsunami disaster area. Numbers in parenthesis show the trap site numbers. See text for details of environmental conditions of each trap site. Total 14

4 34 II. 1.5 km 6 Table 1 II 400 m 300 m 300 m 250 m 20 m III 1 km 0.5 km 12 Table 1 III 1 m 1 m 2 m IV m 12 Table 1 IV 100 m 250 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 100 m Med. Entomol. Zool. JF 6 (Calliphora nigribarbis Vollenhoven) (Phormia regina (Meigen)) V km 12 Table 1 V 600 m 400 m 500 m 400 m 400 m 300 m SS-31A 50 ml C 70% 4 10 ml 15

5 Vol. 63 No Table 3. Mosquito species and average density per trap-night examined by dry-ice traps from June to October in 2011 at 5 study areas in Tsunami disaster areas of north east Japan. Rikuzentakata City (June October) Kesennuma City (June October) Minamisoma City (September) Species Shimowano (I) Kamiosabe (II) South of the city (III) Hashikami (IV) Kashima-ku (V) Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Culex pipiens group 51 (12 126) 14 (2 42) 246 (34 1,060) 265 ( ) 37 (3 94) Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 5 (2 10) 22 (1 63) 6 (1 28) 80 (19 149) 327 (29 1,430) Cx. inatomii 0.6 (0 1) 0.3 (0 0.7) 3 (0 11) 5 (1 11) 24 (0 58) Anopheles sinensis 0.4 (0 2) 0.8 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.3) 1 (0 4) 2 (0 5) Aedes albopictus 0.5 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.2) 0.3 (0 1.3) 0.2 (0 2) 5 (0 62) Armigeres subalbatus 0.1 (0 0.3) (0 4) 0.03 (0 0.2) 0.1 (0 1) Ae. togoi 0.6 (0.2 2) 0.3 (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.3 (0 1) 0 Ae. japonicus 0.5 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.2) 0.1 (0 0.7) 0.2 (0 2) 0 Cx. orientalis 0.3 (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.1 (0 0.5) 0.04 (0 0.2) 0 Ae. dorsalis (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.04 (0 0.2) 0 Ae. vexans nipponii 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.03 (0 0.2) ( 0 0.2) 0.2 ( 0 2) Cx. bitaeniorhynchus ( 0 0.3) 0.3 ( 0 1) Tripteroides bambusa ( 0 0.2) 0 0 Avg average density, Min minimum density, Max maximum density at each study area. I Table 3 Culex pipiens group Cx. pipiens pallens Coquillett Cx. pipiens form molestus Forskal 3 I IV 3 3 (IV) (Tukey s HSD test, p 0.05) I IV 3 (Table 4) 3 (Tukey s HSD test, p 0.05) Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) (I) 10 2,108 Table 4. Comparisons of adult density among subareas for 3 dominant mosquitoes. Sub-area Cx. pipiens pallens Cx. inatomii Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Tsunami 221a a a 58.7 Boundary 60b b 2.6 7b 23.4 No Tsunami 107b b 7 19b 50.3 Means in the same column with different letters are significantly different (p 0.05, Tukey s HSD-test). log (1 n) transformation was applied before the statistical analyses. 86.6% (Table 3) 8.8% 21 (1%) 20 (0.9%) % 6 26 (Fig. 2)

6 36 Fig. 2. Seasonal changes in adult density (No of adults per trap night) observed at 4 study area from June to October 2011 in Tsunami disaster area of north east Japan % (Table 3) (II) 10 1,370 Med. Entomol. Zool. Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) , (Fig. 2) % (Table 3) (III) , % 466 (2.5%) 249 (1.3%) , , m 9 2, , ,172 7, 8 8 5, 6,

7 Vol. 63 No , m , / (Fig. 2) % 34 1, (Table 3) (IV) 12 5 (2, 9, 10, 11, 12) ,087 (75.3%) (Table 3) 5,753 (22.7%) 344 (1.4%) An. lesteri Baisas and 37 Hu An. sineroides Yamada , , m 9 3,082 (7, 9, 10, 12) (Fig. 2) 12 2,104 6 (6 7, 9 12) 1, (2, 4 10, 12) 3 (1, 3, 11) % % Table 3 (V) , % 444 (9.4%) 290 (6.1%) (Table 3) 10 1, ,545 1, Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

8 38 Med. Entomol. Zool. Table 5. Results of bloodmeal identification from blood-fed mosquitoes collected by dry-ice trap at Kesennuma City in Miyagi Prefecture from June to August 2011 Trap Mosquito 1) Blood-source animal 2) Date Study area No. Species Nos. Pm Cm Hrg Hs Fc Hashikami (IV) South of Kesennuma City (III) 7 25 June pallens July pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Subtotal June pallens June pallens June pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Aug. pallens Subtotal Total ) pallens Culex pipiens pallens. 2) Pm Passer montanus, Cm Corvus macrorhynchos, Hrg =Hirundo rustica gutturolis, Hs Homo sapiens, Fc Felis catus. Table % 23 (Passer montanus) 7.7% 2 (Corvus macrorhynchos) 3.9% % 9 3 (Hirundo rustica gutturolis) 1 (8.3%) (Rarus spp.) 38 II Table 6 90% 2/3 0.73% % I m (Table 6) 19

9 Vol. 63 No Table 6. Occurrence of mosquito larvae in various water bodies examined at 4 study areas from June to October 2011 in Tsunami disaster area of north east Japan. Area Rikuzentakata I & II Date Average Salinity N 1) with Larv 2). Species 3) An Cp Ct Ci At Aj Co Ar Ch late June No collection mid July early Aug late Aug mid Sep early Oct late Oct All Kesennuma Hashikami III Kesennuma (IV) Minamisouma (V) late June mid July early Aug late Aug mid Sep early Oct late Oct All late June mid July early Aug late Aug mid Sep early Oct late Oct All mid Sep ) Total number of samples. 2) Number of samples with mosquito larvae. 3) An An. sinensis, Cp Cx. pipiens group, Ct Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ci Cx. inatomii, At Ae. togoi, Aj Ae. japonicus, Co Cx. orientalis, Ar Ar. subalbatus, Ch Cx. hayashii % 0% 0.1% % (III)

10 % Ae. japonicus (IV) (Table 6) % 0.5% % (V) (Table 6) 3 km Med. Entomol. Zool b (2005) (2005) (2008a)

11 Vol. 63 No (2004) (2006) (2004) (2006) (2006) ,000 3,088 2, II IV 3 Table 4; Tukey s HSD test Tsunami sub-area Tsunami sub-area Tsunami subarea 1 1, , 11 10, 11 DDVP 2010) 22

12 % 35/ IV 31 III 9 6 I 8 II Med. Entomol. Zool ,088 1, H : 1 8 Kasai, S., Komagata, O., Tomita, T., Sawabe, K., Tsuda, Y., Kurahashi, H., Ishikawa, T., Motoki, M., Takahashi, T., 23

13 Vol. 63 No Tanikawa, T., Yoshida, M., Shinjo, G., Hashimoto, T., Higa, Y. and Kobayashi, M PCR-based identification of Culex pipiens complex collected in Japan. Jpn. J. Infect Dis., 61: Culex inatomii 61: : Sawabe, K., Isawa, H., Hoshino, K., Sasaki, T., Roychoudhury, S., Higa, Y., Kasai, S., Tsuda, Y., Nishiumi, I., Hamano, S. and Kobayashi, M Host-feeding habits of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) collected at the urban and suburban residential areas of Japan. J. Med. Entomol., 47: : p pp p pp : : Tsuda, Y., Sasaki, E., Sato, Y., Katano, R., Komagata, O., Isawa, H., Kasai, S. and Murata, K Mosquito collections from coastal areas of Tokyo Bay receiving migratory birds. Med. Entomol. Zool., 60: a : b 44: : CDC 62:

60 Med. Entomol. Zool. Fig. 1. Tsunami-stricken areas, Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture (A, June 8, 2011) and Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture (B, June 9,

60 Med. Entomol. Zool. Fig. 1. Tsunami-stricken areas, Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture (A, June 8, 2011) and Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture (B, June 9, Med. Entomol. Zool. Vol. 63 No. 1 p. 59 69 2012 162 8640 1 23 1 2012 1 30 2012 2 6 Picture archives of the outbreak of medically important pest insects in Tsunami affected areas in Tohoku District, Japan

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