15

15

iii 2012 6 11 2013 1 17 *1 *1

iv web *2 2011 6 web *3 6 web 1 *4 *5 *2 *3 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/ *4 *5

v *6 ipad B5 A4 2 *7 ICRP IAEA *8 web web *6 2012 9 *7 web *8 ICRP publ. 60, 72, 99, 103, 111, IAEA-TECDOC 1009, 1162, CERRIE report, BEIR VII Phase 2

vi *9 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/radbookbasic/ * 10 * 11 *9 *10 *11 2.7

vii web web * 12 web * 13 2012 9 pdf *12 *13 https://sites.google.com/site/yakkaihosyasen/

viii hal.tasaki.h@gmail.com Twitter radbook rbb20190828.pdf

ix 18 23 43 18 Sv (msv) 1 msv = 0.001 Sv, 1000 msv = 1 Sv * 14 49 (µsv/h) 51 96 *14

x 27 * 15 100 0.5 ICRP * 16 69 *15 *16

xi 1 1 1.1...................... 1 1.2......... 4 1.3.......................... 6 2 9 2.1................ 9.................... 9...................... 11................ 13 2.2......................... 14....................... 14....................... 15.......................... 16...................... 17 2.3........................... 18................ 18..................... 18.................... 19...................... 20 2.4............................. 23

xii.......................... 23....................... 24....................... 25........... 26 2.5................ 27........ 27............. 28 3 31 3.1...................... 31............ 31................. 32................... 33............... 35 3.2............... 36........................ 36................... 38...................... 39..... 39 4 43 4.1.......................... 43......................... 44......................... 45................. 47 4.2...................... 48................... 48................. 49.................... 50.................... 51

xiii.................. 55............. 57..................... 60 4.3...................... 60................ 60............. 61........... 62...... 62 DNA...................... 64 4.4.............. 65.......... 65............... 66 4.5....... 69 ICRP............. 69.......... 72................. 75 ICRP.............. 77.................... 79 4.6............ 81...................... 81..................... 83........................ 84...................... 84 4.7................... 86...................... 86................... 86................. 88 5 89 5.1...................... 89

xiv....................... 90 1960............... 93....................... 94 5.2...................... 95...................... 96............ 97....... 99 5.3..................... 100................ 101....... 102.......... 104 6 109 6.1..................... 109.................... 109.......... 110 6.2............. 113 6.3............ 114.................. 115............. 115..................... 118 6.4.......... 121................... 121........... 121...................... 122 7 125 7.1.............. 125............. 125.. 126

xv..................... 128 7.2.............. 129..................... 129................... 130.......... 131 A 133 A.1...................... 133 A.2 10........ 135 B 143 B.1.......... 143 B.2................ 145 B.3.............. 155 B.4 134 137......... 156 158

1 1 1.1 2011 3 11 1 3 4 *1 1.1 *1 3.2

2 1 1.1 20 2012 7 *2 JR 1 *2 2012

1.1 3 *3 *3 2011 3

4 1 1.2 *4 *4

1.2 5 1

6 1 *5 1.3 2 4 3 2 3 4 ICRP 5 6 *5

1.3 7 *6 7 web *7 *6 *7 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/

9 2 2.1 2.1

10 2 2.1 1 2.1 100 2 *1 *2 H O C I *1 20 19 *2

2.1 11 Cs Sr U K 2.2 *3 *4 (H) 1 (He) 2 (C) 6 (O) 8 O 2 O O O 2 *3 2.2 *4 2.2

12 2 原子 原子核 電子 2.2 C 6 1 1 cm 10 1 *5 H 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 O H 2 O + 5 ev H 2 2 1 *6 2 *7 5 ev 3 *5 *6 4 2 *7 A.1

2.1 13 3 ev *8 2.2 *9 * 10 *8 J 100 g 1 m 1 J ev J 1 ev 1.6 10 19 J A.1 *9 *10

14 2 中性子陽子 4 He 原子核 2 2.3 4 4 2He 2 2 4 * 11 2.2 * 12 2.3 * 13 *11 *12 10 15 m 1.7 10 27 kg +e 3 *13 A Z

2.2 15 137 55Cs Cs 137 Cs 137 131 55 78 133 133 55Cs 133 133 137 137 55Cs 55 82 55 * 14 133 4 137 137 137 56Ba 2.4 *14

16 2 137 55Cs 137 56Ba 2.4 137 137 20 137 137 2.4 * 15 ev 60 ev 20 ev * 16 2 1 5 ev 10 *15 A.1 *16 137

2.2 17 * 17 2.5 133 55 55 137 137 * 18 * 19 137 *17 ev 4.3 *18 *19 *2

18 2 2.3 134 131 Bq B.3 1 (1 Bq) 1 1

2.3 19 2.5 2 2.5 40 4000 (4000 Bq) 0.015 (0.015 g) * 20 40 6.3 4000 Bq 137 0.0000000012 g Bq/m 2 kbq/m 2 * 21 1 3 Bq/m 2 1 3 *20 B.3 *21 1 1 1

20 2 40 40 19K 12.5 89 89 38Sr 50.5 90 90 38Sr 28.8 131 131 53I 8.02 133 133 54Xe 5.25 134 134 55Cs 2.06 137 137 55Cs 30.2 239 239 94Pu 2.41 240 240 94Pu 6.56 222 222 86Rn 3.82 2.1 Bq/kg 1 100 Bq/kg 1 100 3 Bq/m 2 100 Bq/kg 5 6 2.1

2.3 21 1 1 00 * 22 00 131 131 I 8 * 23 131 1 8 0.5 *22 *23 131 131 131 Xe

22 2 総量 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 0 時間 2.6 1 1/2 1/4 4 1 2.6 131 1 8 0.5 8 0.25 8 0.125 8 131 137 30 137 5 137 30 60 4 1

2.4 23 α 4 2He cm β cm γ m 2.2 2.4 * 24 2.2 *24

24 2 2.7 1 * 25 2.2 * 26 4 2 2 4 *25 *26

2.4 25 2.7 * 27 2.7 * 28 X * 29 10 2.7 *27 4 *28 *29 X

26 2 * 30 (µsv/h) * 31 4.2 4.2 4.3 *30 B.2 *31 (µgy/h) (µsv/h) B.2

2.5 27 4.3 4.1 2.5 2.1 2 1 5 ev ev 1 ev ev * 32 137 1 60 ev *32 2 1

28 2 20 ev 137 ev ev ev 3.1 ev 2.1 * 33 2.3 *33 Wikipedia Nikthestoned

2.5 29 * 34 * 35 *34 *35 (

31 3 3.1 2.1 *1 20 *1

32 3 137 55Cs 235 92U 95 37Rb 3.1 235 235 137 2, 3 2.5 *2 3.1 235 235 92U 235 235 235 *2

3.1 33 *3 131 137 90 1 2 ev *4 2 1 5 ev 4 1 A.1 3.1 4 2, 3 235 2, 3 99 238 235 0.7 *3 235 236 235 17 % 236 *4

34 3 3.2 235 3 7 web http://www.tepco.co.jp/ir/kojin/generation/nuclear-j.html 235 235 2, 3 1 235

3.1 35 3.2 238 235 2.3 *5 2.2 *5 134 B.4

36 3 3.3 2011 3 16 3 2.5 3.2 2011 3 11 *6 *6 3.2

3.2 37 3.2 2 *7 133 *8 2.4 1 *9 *7 2.1 *8 *9

38 3 * 10 2011 3 131 134 137 30 * 11 2.5 *10 2.2 *11

3.2 39 * 12 *12 2011 7 2011 9

40 3 3.4 4 IAEA (fact finding team) 2011 12 16 * 13 100 * 14 1 *13 *14

3.2 41 1, 2, 3 100 * 15 * 16 *15 *16 2011 9

43 4 ICRP 4.1 4.1

44 4 4.1 X CT 4.2 4.3 4.4 2011 3 133 131 1 134 137 5 2.4

4.1 45 2.4 40 40 6.3 *1 4.2 4.3 4.4 6.3 2011 3 131 131 *2 1986 *1 *2 127 131 2.2

46 4 *3 131 131 *4 131 2011 3 131 *5 7.1 1, 2 8 131 6 *3 160 1990 2001 1000 1986 2002 5000 15 E. Cardis et al., J. Radiol. Prot. 26, 127 (2006) *4 *5 2011 3 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/thyroidscreening.html

4.1 47 4.3

48 4 *6 4.2 2.3 *6 *14 54

4.2 49 ( ) = ( ) + ( ) Sv *7 *8 4.1, 4.2 4.3 1 Sv 1 (m) (mm) 1 0.001 Sv 1 (1 msv) Sv m msv 0.034 Sv = 34 msv, 1250 msv = 1.25 Sv Sv 1000 msv msv 1000 *7 B.2 *8

50 4 Sv 1 0.000001 Sv 1 (1 µsv) (Sv) (µsv) (msv) (µsv) 0.027 msv = 27 µsv, 6780 µsv = 6.78 msv msv 1000 µsv µsv 1000 msv *9 ( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 * 10 *9 4.1 *10 4.5

4.2 51 2.4 µsv/h h hour 1 µsv/h 1 1 µsv * 11 0.5 µsv/h 24 0.5 µsv/h 24 h = (0.5 24) µsv = 12 µsv 12 µsv 6 µsv/h 2 6 µsv/h 2 h = (6 2) µsv = 12 µsv 12 µsv 5.3 0.6 msv 0.6 msv 4.2 *11 B.2

52 4 4.2

4.2 53 4.3 4.3 * 12 *12 B.2

54 4 * 13 * 14 *13 50 20 70 50 50 70 1 3, 4 *14

4.2 55 3 1 5 10 15 89 50.5 3.6 10 8 1.8 10 8 8.9 10 9 5.8 10 9 4.0 10 9 2.6 10 9 90 28.8 2.3 10 7 7.3 10 8 4.7 10 8 6.0 10 8 8.0 10 8 2.8 10 9 131 8.02 1.8 10 7 1.8 10 7 1.0 10 7 5.2 10 8 3.4 10 8 2.2 10 8 134 2.06 2.6 10 8 1.6 10 8 1.3 10 8 1.4 10 8 1.9 10 8 1.9 10 8 137 30.2 2.1 10 8 1.2 10 8 9.6 10 9 1.0 10 8 1.3 10 8 1.3 10 8 239 2.41 4.2 10 6 4.2 10 7 3.3 10 7 2.7 10 7 2.4 10 7 2.5 10 7 240 6.56 4.2 10 6 4.2 10 7 3.3 10 7 2.7 10 7 2.4 10 7 2.5 10 7 4.1 Sv/Bq ICRP publ. 72 3 1 5 10 15 89 50.5 1.5 10 8 7.3 10 9 3.2 10 9 2.3 10 9 1.7 10 9 1.0 10 9 90 28.8 1.3 10 7 5.2 10 8 3.1 10 8 4.1 10 8 5.3 10 8 2.4 10 9 131 8.02 7.2 10 8 7.2 10 8 3.7 10 8 1.9 10 8 1.1 10 8 7.4 10 9 134 2.06 1.1 10 8 7.3 10 9 5.2 10 9 5.3 10 9 6.3 10 9 6.6 10 9 137 30.2 8.8 10 9 5.4 10 9 3.6 10 9 3.7 10 9 4.4 10 9 4.6 10 9 239 2.41 2.1 10 4 2.0 10 4 1.5 10 4 1.2 10 4 1.1 10 4 1.2 10 4 240 6.56 2.1 10 4 2.0 10 4 1.5 10 4 1.2 10 4 1.1 10 4 1.2 10 4 4.2 Sv/Bq ICRP publ. 72 (ICRP) * 15 ICRP 1 (1 Bq) Sv/Bq 4.1 4.2 4.1, 4.2 *15 ICRP 4.5

56 4 6 10 9 10 A.2 2011 3 1 131 200 Bq 1 1 1 1 200 Bq 131 4.2 Sv 1 200 Bq 7.4 10 9 Sv/Bq 1.5 10 6 Sv = 1.5 µsv * 16 1 2011 3 17 1 131 300 Bq 200 Bq 1 2 131 600 Bq 134 200 Bq 137 200 Bq * 17 1 4.1 600 Bq 2.2 10 8 Sv/Bq + 200 Bq 1.9 10 8 Sv/Bq + 200 Bq 1.3 10 8 Sv/Bq 20 µsv *16 10 6 Sv = 1 µsv *17 134 137 B.4

4.2 57 4.4 40 137 1000 Bq 137 4.1 1000 Bq 1.3 10 8 Sv/Bq = 1.3 10 5 Sv = 0.013 msv 4.1 4.4 2.4 msv 2011

58 4 msv/ 0.3 0.33 0.37 0.09 210 210 0.01 0.006 210 210 0.80 0.0000082 14 0.01 40 0.18 2.1 4.3 1 2011 12 1.4.1 2012 12 27 2.1 msv * 18 4.3 4.3 0.6 msv 0.5 msv 1.0 msv *18 1992 1.48 msv 1.5 msv 210 210

4.2 59 msv/ X 1.47 X CT 2.3 0.038 0.0097 X 0.023 0.034 3.8747 4.4 1 4.3 4.2.1 3.87 msv 4.4 2 0.2 msv * 19 10 msv *19

60 4 * 20 2 msv 1 1 2 msv 20 msv 20 msv 20 msv 20 msv B.2 4.3 *20

4.3 61 * 21 1 1 Sv 10 1999 JCO * 22 * 23 DNA *21 1 *22 1999 JCO *23

62 4 2.2 1 Sv 1 kg 1 J 1 10 cm 10 cm 1 Sv * 24 1 Sv *24

4.3 63 2.4 DNA DNA 4.5 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA

64 4 4.5 DNA DNA Wikipedia Richard Wheeler (Zephyris) 10 cm DNA DNA * 25 *25

4.4 65 DNA DNA * 26 4.4 *26

66 4 4.6 1945 8 9 7 3 * 27 * 28 *27 *28 2009 26 16 web 9 http://www.fpcr.or.jp/publication/statistics.html

4.4 67 * 29 4.6 12 LSS Life Span Study * 30 LSS LSS * 31 2 2 1 4.7 LSS * 32 *29 B.1 *30 Life Span Study *31 5 13 LSS *32

68 4 4.7 (LSS) (Gy) Sv http://www.rerf.or.jp/radefx/late/cancrisk.html 1.0 0 Sv 1.0 1.0 * 33 1 Sv 1.5 100 msv = 0.1 Sv *33 (ERR) B.1

4.5 69 100 msv * 34 4.5 (LSS) ICRP * 35 ICRP ICRP * 36 ICRP * 37 ICRP LSS ICRP *34 4.5 *35 *36 X ICRP *37 ICRP

70 4 * 38 ICRP 1 1 Sv 5 * 39 * 40 4.4 25 25 75 100 1 Sv 5 *38 4.6 B.1 *39 4.3 *40 ICRP ICRP http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/cancerrisk.html

4.5 71 30 % 25 % 0 100 msv 500 msv 1 Sv 4.8 ICRP 25 % ICRP 25 + 5 = 30 * 41 4.8 1 Sv 4.8 1 Sv 0.5 Sv 500 msv 5 2.5 25 + 2.5 = 27.5 1 Sv 5 1 0.2 Sv 200 msv 1 25 + 1 = 26 100 msv 1 10 1 0.5 *41 5 25 + 5 25 1.05 B.1

72 4 100 0.5 ICRP 100 25 25.5 4.6 ICRP 4.4 LSS LSS * 42 LSS 4.7 200 msv 2 Sv (LNT) * 43 4.9 * 44 *42 *43 LNT Linear-non-threshold *44 ICRP pub. 103 Linear-non-threshold model

4.5 73 4.9 B A C 4.7 LSS A, B, C 4.9

74 4 * 45 * 46 DNA LSS (DDREF * 47 ) * 48 ICRP 2 * 49 *45 D.J. Brenner et al., PNAS 100, 13761 13766 (2003) 50 msv 5 msv 100 msv 50 msv 4.9 *46 67 *31 *47 DDREF Dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor *48 ICRP DDREF 0.2 Sv 0.1 Sv/h *49 P. Jacob et al., Occup. Environ. Med. 66, 789 796 (2009).

4.5 75 LSS * 50 20 1 1.5 LSS 1 20 1.5 30 10 10 2 5 1 5 ICRP 1 1 ICRP * 51 *50 LSS ICRP *51 ICRP

76 4 100 ICRP 4.2 2 msv 1 2 msv 100 0.5 ICRP 4.7 DNA 4.3 DNA ICRP

4.5 77 ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP ALARA ALARA as low as reasonably achievable ICRP * 52 (ALARA) ALARA ICRP *52

78 4 1 4.2 1 1 1 1 ICRP * 53 ICRP * 54 20 100 1 20 *53 existing exposure situation *54

4.5 79 * 55 1 4.4 4.7 (LSS) 100 50 msv * 56 ICRP *55 20 msv ICRP 20 100 msv 20 100 20 msv ICRP 1 20 msv *56 74 *45

80 4 69 2 3 4.2 ICRP

4.6 81 4.6 100 25 25.5 200 1 * 57 50 150 50/200 = 0.25 4 1 25 B.1 1 1 51 149 51/200 = 0.255 25.5 *57 Wikipedia katorisi

82 4 4.10 200 50 150 25 51 149 0.5 25.5 0.5 100 200 50 200 51 200 4.10 4 1 98

4.6 83 1 200 50 51 200 50 58 43 10 200 50 51 50 51 * 58 50 51 1 0.5 * 59 *58 *59

84 4 * 60 4.5 100 0.5 *60

4.6 85 50 51 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1000 5 10 500 500

86 4 4.7 DNA DNA DNA (LSS) * 61 4.11 LSS 1 Sv *61 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/earlyage.html

4.7 87 10 30 60 50 50 40 30 20 10 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 4.11 1 LSS Preston et al. Radiation Res. 168, 1 64 (2007) Fig. 4 1 1 10 30 50 10 * 62 50 DNA 1 Sv 60 50 10 20 30 *62

88 4 10 35 10 10 60 10 50 3 * 63 100 msv * 64 X 10 msv * 65 X * 66 ICRP 2007 (ICRP publ. 103) 3 *63 ICRP 3 *64 IQ R. L. Brent, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, January 2009, 4 24 *65 R. Doll and R. Wakeford, British J. Radiology, 70, 130 (1997) 10 msv 1.4 1.4 *66 *64

89 5 5.1 3.2 2011 3 14 15 3 21 131

90 5 134 137 8 131 1, 2 134 137 *1 134 2 137 30 2.3 (Bq/m 2 ) *2 1 Bq/m 2 1 (1 m 2 ) 1 (1 Bq) (kbq/m 2 ) 1 kbq/m 2 = 1000 Bq/m 2, 1 Bq/m 2 = 0.001 kbq/m 2 *3 4 Bq/m 2 4 Bq/m 2 *1 1 *2 19 *21 *3 MBq/km 2 Bq/m 2 1 MBq = 10 6 Bq, 1 km = 10 3 m MBq/km 2 = (10 6 Bq)/(10 3 m) 2 = Bq/m 2 10 A.2

5.1 91 (Bq/m 2 ) 134 137 11000 10000 3100000 3340000 18000 17000 5800 5700 4700 4700 5400 5300 4400 4900 8500 8100 3500 3400 5.1 2011 3 (Bq/m 2 ) http://radioactivity.mext.go.jp/old/ja/ > > > ( 23 3 ) 4 Bq/m 2 *4 5.1 2011 3 134 137 3 5 Bq/m 2 1 7 Bq/m 2 *4 2.5 µsv/h 5.2 4 Bq/m 2 0.13 µsv/h

92 5 5.1 2011 300 Bq/m 2 100 Bq/m 2 100k 10 Bq/m 2 10k 1 Bq/m 2 http://ramap.jaea.go.jp/map/ 600 Bq/m 2 5.1

5.1 93 2000 1500 1000 1000 500 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 5.2 1957 1990 137 Bq/m 2 7600 Bq/m 2 3000 kbq/m 2 300 Bq/m 2 4 Bq/m 2 1960 1950 5.2 1950 1990 1 137 1957

94 5 1957 1960 1986 2010 5.1 1 7 Bq/m 2 5.1 *5 1950 1960 *6 1960 6.4 *7 *5 1960 *6 *7 *1

5.2 95 3 10 1 40 105 5.5 2.5 5.2 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.2

96 5 2.4 4.2 (µsv/h) 1 *8 2011 3 0.04 µsv/h 214 *9 *8 4.2 *9

5.2 97 0.21 5.3 1 3.2 1 5.3

98 5 * 10 1 µsv/h 30 Bq/m 2 1 0.67 µsv/h 0.04 µsv/h 0.67 µsv/h 0.04 µsv/h = 0.63 µsv/h 0.63 30 0.63 = 18.9 19 0.63 µsv/h 19 Bq/m 2 20 Bq/m 2 2 4 Bq/m 2 5.1 4/30 0.13 0.13 µsv/h 4 Bq/m 2 *10 2012 137 134 6 4 B.4 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/csonground.html

5.2 99 0.13 µsv/h 0.04 µsv/h 0.17 µsv/h 0.2 µsv/h 5.3 1 m 2 m * 11 20 80 2 m 5.4 * 12 100 90 70 m *11 *10 *12 *10

100 5 % 100 80 60 40 20 5 10 15 20 25 30 m 5.4 1 m 8 % 2 m 20 % 5 m 40 % 8 m 50 % 5.3 4.2

5.3 101 * 13 1 µsv/h 1 1 µsv 1 365 1 24 1 24 365 = 8760 1 1 1 µsv/h 10000 µsv (msv) 4.2 10 msv µsv/h 10 msv 2 µsv/h 20 msv 0.08 µsv/h 0.8 msv 24 8 16 4 * 14 *13 18 2011 10 12 3 5000 6 0.1 msv 0.2 msv 4 1 msv 13 1.1 2.0 msv http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/mpsdata/web/5746/0401-09.pdf *14 4

102 5 16 16 0.4 = 6.4 1 8 + 6.4 = 14.4 * 15 1 1 14.4 365 = 5256 5260 * 16 1 5000 1 µsv/h 5000 µsv 5 msv µsv/h 5 msv 0.44 µsv/h 0.04 µsv/h 0.4 µsv/h 5 2 2 msv *15 0.6 *16 2011 4 20 msv 5260 3.8 µsv/h 2011 12 0.23 µsv/h (0.23 0.04) 5260 1000 1 msv

5.3 103 0.3 µsv/h 0.8 µsv/h 1 0.8 µsv 0.3 µsv = 0.5 µsv 1 3 0.5 µsv 3 = 1.5 µsv 1 200 1.5 µsv 200 = 300 µsv 0.3 msv 3.5 µsv/h 1 3.5 µsv 0.3 µsv = 3.2 µsv 5 1 3.2 µsv 5 = 16 µsv 5 80 µsv 0.08 msv µsv/h

104 5 * 17 6.1 2.3 5.5 2011 3 40 * 18 1 2, 3 5.2 3 2014 *17 *18 137 134 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/cs137vs134.html

5.3 空間線量率と被曝線量 線 1 量 率 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 105 セシウム 134 (半減期 2 年) の速い崩壊 セシウム 137 (半減期 30 年) のゆっくりした崩壊 1 t/30 2.7 t/2 2 2 + 3.7 3.7 10 20 30 経過年数 40 (2011年3月から) 図 5.5 地面に付着した放射性セシウムがまったく移動しないと仮定したと きの セシウムからの放射線の空間線量率の時間変化 2011 年 3 月での線 量率を 1 として 40 年間の変化をグラフに描いた 最初の 2, 3 年は半減期 が 2 年のセシウム 134 が急激に減衰するために線量率はどんどん下がる しかし その後は 半減期が 30 年のセシウム 137 が主になるので 線量率 はほとんど減らなくなってしまう 表 5.2 経過年数 0 1 2 3 5 10 43 線量率 1 0.78 0.62 0.51 0.37 0.23 0.10 図 5.5 と同じ量を表にした セシウムが移動しなかった場合 セシ ウムによる線量率は 3 年で約半分まで減衰する ただし 10 分の 1 に減衰 するにはなんと 43 年もかかる 春には セシウムによる線量率は当初の半分になる*19 一方 セシウムによ る線量率が当初の 10 分の 1 に減るには 40 年以上がかかってしまう げんすい このようなセシウムの減衰の効果を考えにいれて 長期的な外部被曝がどれ くらいになりうるかを見積もっておこう 以下では 事故直後から セシウム の移動 そして除染 は一切なく 今後もまったくないと仮定して 積算の被 曝量を大ざっぱに計算してみる *19 ちなみに 2011 年の夏に政府は 2 年後までに空間線量率を半分にする という居住地域 の除染の基本方針を発表しているが これは何もしないのと大して変わらない 目標 であ る

106 5 5.3 1 2012 3 1µSv/h 2012 3 0.20 µsv/h 0.04 µsv/h 0.16 µsv/h 5.3 0.16 2011 3 2021 3 10 50 msv 0.16 = 8 msv 0.6 5 msv

5.3 107 (msv) 1 2012 3 10 2 2013 3 18 3 2014 3 24 4 2015 3 29 5 2016 3 34 10 2021 3 50 20 2031 3 72 30 2041 3 89 50 2061 3 114 5.3 2012 3 1 µsv/h 0.6 *15

109 6 6.1 3.2 5.1

110 6 *1 4.2 4.3 6.1 137 1 30 40 137 2012 4 6.1 4 1 kg 134 137 *1 5.3

6.1 111 1400 1200 -- -- 1000 800! 6oo 400 200 I 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6.1 50 137 30 40 1000 Bq 137 57 W. Rühm, K. König, A. Bayer, Health Physics 77, 373 382 (1999) (Bq/kg) 10 50 50 100 6.1 2012 4 1 kg Bq

112 6 *2 kg 6.1 1 1 1kg 1.9 kg 10 Bq/kg 1 kg + 100 Bq/kg 1.9 kg = 200 Bq *3 2 1 200 2012 1 200 2011 20 6.4 *2 *3 (10 1)+(100 1.9) = 200

6.2 113 3 1 5 10 15 (µsv) 8.4 5.0 4.0 4.2 5.6 5.6 6.2 1 Bq ICRP 1 6.2 4.2 ICRP 55 4.1 6.2 *4 1 1 *5 1 1 10 10 *4 2012 137 134 6 4 B.4 *5 ICRP 4.1 54 1 2 1 2

114 6 4.2 1 1 200 6.2 200 5.6 µsv 200 = 1120 µsv 4.2 µsv 1000 msv 1.12 msv 1 2 5 1 10 2012 6.2 10 4.0 µsv 10 = 40 µsv 0.04 msv 6.3 40 *6 *6 54 *14

6.3 115 *7 *8 K 19 39 41 2 2 1 1 40 40 12 5 0.2 1 1 40 40 1 kg 60 Bq 40 40 58 4.3 *7 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/csinbody.html *8 ICRP

116 6 6.2 2 Cs K *9 * 10 6.1 *9 H H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr *10 5.1 *1 90 1

6.3 117 Bq 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 6.3 5 100 600 1 10 Bq ICRP 6.2 6.3 5 ICRP 100 600 1 10 Bq 300 Bq

118 6 Bq 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 6.4 15 10 5 1 3 1 Bq ICRP 1 1 20 Bq 20 6.4 1 1 Bq 2 3 1 6.4 1 20 Bq 20 1 2, 3

6.3 119 3 1 5 10 15 (Bq) 23 19 30 53 117 143 6.3 1Bq ICRP 2 2.3 * 11 6.3 1 Bq ICRP 1 5 1 10 Bq 10 30 Bq 10 = 300 Bq 6.3 300 Bq 1 200 *11

120 6 3 1 5 10 15 1 (Bq) 16 31 38 36 28 29 6.4 1 ICRP 6.3 200 143 Bq 200 = 28600 Bq 3 Bq 70 kg * 12 1 kg 60 60 Bq 70 = 4200 Bq 4 Bq 1 msv ICRP 6.4 1 30 Bq *12 ICRP

6.4 121 6.4 * 13 6.2 ICRP 4.5 ICRP 100 0.5 * 14 4.7 ICRP 6.3 6.4 1 *13 *14 6.2 5 5 5

122 6 30 Bq 1 200 Bq 1 30 Bq 6.1 2012 * 15 2011 12 26 1 1 17.3 26 4.01 1 17 * 16 1 (WBC) *15 2012 1 21 *16 16 10.3

6.4 123 6.5 2011 9 12 1 kg 1964 web http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/shinsai2/kensa/hibakukenshinkeka.jsp 6.5 2011 Bq/kg 1 kg 60 Bq/kg 6.3 60 Bq/kg 60 Bq/kg

124 6 * 17 1960 5.1 1964 560 * 18 1 kg 10 Bq/kg 6.5 10 Bq/kg 7.1 *17 *18 34, 169 (1991)

125 7 *1 7.1 *2 2011 3 *1 *2

126 7 *3 4.1 2011 3 131 6.4 ICRP 1960 *3

7.1 127 *4 *5 2011 3 131 131 8 *6 *4 *5 URL WHO http://www.mns.gov.ua/files/2011/6/10/25_let_angl.rar *6

128 7 *7 1, 2 *8 *7 *8

7.2 129 7.2 2011 3

130 7 web *9 * 10 2011 3 *9 web *10

7.2 131 * 11 * 12 *11 *12 Twitter

132 7 1

133 A A.1 m v 1 2 m v2 (kg) m/ (J)

134 A 1 J *1 340 g 30 cm 1 J 1 J 1 g 0.2 (J) 2 ev 1 1 V J 1 ev 1.6 10 19 J = 0.00000000000000000016 J 10 19 2.1 5 ev 8.0 10 19 J 1 J *2 1 g 0.2 MeV *3 1 MeV = 10 6 ev 1.6 10 13 J = 0.00000000000016 J ev J *1 *2 2.5 10 18 1.25 10 18 *3

A.2 10 135 2.2 137 60 ev MeV 0.6 MeV 1 0.6 MeV 4.3 A.2 10 6.02 10 23 5E-2 10 *4 4 10 10000 10 4 10000 = 10 10 10 10 = 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 4 *4

136 A 10000000 = 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 = 10 7 100000000000 = 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 = 10 11 10 7 10 11 10 23 10 4 1 0 4 10 11 1 0 11 1 0 10 10 10 100000 1 10 = 10000 1 10 10 0 100000 = 10 5, 10000 = 10 4 10 5 1 10 = 104 0 10 4 1 10 = 103, 10 3 1 10 = 102, 10 2 1 10 = 101 1 10

A.2 10 137 10 1 100 1 10 10 10 1 10 10 1 10 1 10 10 1 1 10 = 100 10 0 10 0 = 10 1 10 1 10 0 1 10 0 1 10 0 = 1 *5 10 1 1 10 0 1 1 10 0 1 10 = 10 1 1 10 10 1 1 10 10 1 1 10 10 1 1 10 = 10 2, 10 2 1 10 = 10 3, 10 3 1 10 = 10 4 *5 10 1 0 1

138 A 10 10 1 = 1 10 10 1 = 1 10 = 0.1, 10 2 = 1 100 = 0.01, 10 3 = 1 1000 = 0.001, 10 4 = 1 10000 = 0.0001 10 2 = 0.01 2 10 6 = 0.000001 6 10 1 10 1 = 1 10 1 10 2 = 1 10 2 10 3 = 1 10 3 10 4 = 1 10 4 10 10 4000000000 9 4000000000 = 4 1000000000 10 1000000000 = 10 9 4000000000 = 4 10 9 Twitter 10 9 4 10 9 4E9 4e9

A.2 10 139 *6 E (exponent) 0.000003 6 0.000003 = 3 0.000001 0.000003 = 3 10 6 3 10 6 3E-6 3e-6 128000000 10 128000000 = 128 1000000 = 128 10 6 128000000 = 1.28 100000000 128000000 = 1.28 10 8 1.28E8 1 10 10 1.28 10 8 10 8 0.0000000345 0.0000000345 = 3.45 0.00000001 0.0000000345 = 3.45 10 8 *6 10 9 10^9

140 A Twitter 3.45E-8 1.23 10 4 10 4 = 10000 1.23 10000 = 12300 10 4 10 4 1.23 12.3 123 1230 12300 9.8 10 3 10 3 1 10 3 9.8 0.98 0.098 0.0098 9.8 10 3 = 0.0098 10 1.38 10 23 10 10 123000 122600 123400 123000 123

A.2 10 141 1.23 10 5 123 122996 123004 1.2300 10 5 1.23 10 5 10 10 4 10 3 10 4 10 3 = 10000 1000 = 10000000 = 10 7 4 + 3 = 7 10 10 4 10 4 10 3 10 3 10 7 10 4 10 3 10 4 + 10 3 = 10000 + 1000 = 11000 10 10 5 10 3 = 1 10 5 1 10 3 = 1 1 10 5 10 3 = 1 10 8 = 10 8 ( 5) + ( 3) = 8

142 A 10 6 10 2 = 1000000 1 100 10 3 10 8 = 1000 = 10000 = 104 1 100000000 = 1 100000 = 1 10 5 = 10 5 6 + ( 2) = 4 3 + ( 8) = 5 10 n 10 m = 10 n+m n, m 0, ±1, ±2,... 10 (6.02 10 23 ) (1.23 10 2 ) = (6.02 1.23) (10 23 10 2 ) 7.40 10 21 10 6.02 1.23 = 7.4046 7.40 *7 (5.5 10 2 ) (8.2 10 3 ) = (5.5 8.2) (10 2 10 3 ) 45 10 1 = 4.5 10 2 45 10 1 *7

143 B B.1 50 ( ) = ( ) ( ) *1 50 *1 1

144 B 50 1Sv 50 *2 25 30 *3 ERR = Excess Relative Risk EAR = Excess Absolute Risk 25 30 30/25 = 1.2 1.2 20 20 25 30 5 4.5 ICRP *2 *3 LSS

B.2 145 B.1 B.2 *4 Gy Gy/h B.1 *4 ICRP

146 B *5 ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) J kg J/kg J/kg Gy *5 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/docs/bqtosv.pdf

B.2 147 *6 ( ) = ( ) ( ) Gy/s Gy/h *7 D E D E D *6 1 MeV *7

148 B Gy = J/kg Gy Sv Gy Sv ICRP 4.2 4.3 ICRP ICRP

B.2 149 ICRP T T T tissue T ICRP R radiation T R D T,R D T,R D T,R *8 *9 D T,R ICRP D T,R R R D T,R T * 10 1 MeV R w R w R *8 *9 ICRP *10 T D, + D, + D, +

150 B w R 1 1 2 20 B.1 ICRP 2007 (ICRP publ. 103) w R w R w R = 1 w R = 20 w R B.1 T (equivalent dose) H T R D T,R w R H T = w R D T,R R * 11 w R = 1 H T T H T w R H T Gy = J/kg H T Sv * 12 *11 H = w D, + w D, + w D, + *12 w R Sv/Gy

B.2 151 131 T H T E E T H T = E E ICRP * 13 T w T 0 1 * 14 w T w T 1 B.2 *13 ICRP (detriment) *14

152 B w T wt ) 0.12 0.72 14 w T 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.16 0.01 0.04 B.2 ICRP 2007 (ICRP publ. 103) w T 14 (ET) / E T H T w T E = T w T H T * 15 w T 1 Sv E * 16 *15 E = w H + w H + *16 ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement)

B.2 153 4.2 4.3 * 17 4.1, 4.2 ICRP 131 0.04 * 18 131 20 20 msv * 19 20 msv *17 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/internal.html *18 0.04 ICRP 2007 (ICRP publ. 103) 1990 (ICRP publ. 60) 0.05 *19

154 B 20 msv 0.04 = 0.8 msv * 20 i = 1,..., n i T D α D α > 0 * 21 i α i D α i > 0 α = i α i w i = α i /α i H i i α i H i i α i H i α i = α w i α i H i = α w i H i = α E i i E = i w i H i *20 0.8 msv 4.2 *21 100 0.5

B.3 155 T H T = E B.3 τ A 1 Bq n B 2.40 10 24 τ * 22 m B 2.40 10 24 τ A g 137 A = 137 30 τ 30 365 24 60 2 9.46 10 8 1 Bq 137 m B 3.1 10 13 g 2012 3 1 kg 500 Bq 500 Bq 1.6 10 10 g 137 1.5 10 16 Bq * 23 5 kg *22 http://www.gakushuin.ac.jp/~881791/housha/details/halflife.html *23 G. Brumfiel, Nature 478, 435-436 (2011)

156 B 40 12 5 A = 40, τ 1.28 10 9 365 24 60 2 4.0 10 16 1 Bq m B 3.8 10 6 g m B 4000 Bq 137 1.2 10 9 g 4000 Bq 40 0.015 g 2.3 B.4 134 137 137 134 137 134 137 134 134 5 133 133 133 133 134 134 134 137 r = ( 134 ) ( 137 ) 0.4 1.5 r 0.55 r

B.4 134 137 157 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1 0.85 0.73 0.62 0.53 0.46 0.39 0.33 0.29 B.3 134 137 r 1 1 * 24 91 5.1 137 134 134 2 137 30 134 r B.3 r *24 r 1 r 1 137 134 15

158 10, 135 ALARA, 77 Bq, 18 Bq/kg, 20, 110 Bq/m 2, 19, 90 DDREF, 74 DNA, 63 ev, 13, 16, 27, 33, 134 Gy, 146 ICRP, 55, 69, 75, 77, 113, 145 ICRU, 152 IQ, 88 J, 13, 133 JCO, 61 kbq/m 2, 19, 90 LSS, 67, 72, 86, 144 MBq/km 2, 90 MeV, 134 msv, 50 µsv, 50 µsv/h, 26, 51 Sv, 49, 150, 152 WBC, 111, 122 WHO, 127 X, 25, 44, 59, 69, 75, 88, 64, 96, 14, 20, 24, 45, 46, 149, 24, 147, 59, 46, 127, 26, 58, 59, 96, 33, 67, 74, 143, 13, 16, 24, 27, 31, 33, 62, 133, 13, 16, 27, 33, 134, 19, 90, 93, 97, 98, 11, 12, 15, 93, 124, 34, 35, 37, 38, 157, 38, 157, 93, 124, 33, 35, 156, 21, 61, 70, 81, 143, 57, 148, 152, 144, 144, 63, 63, 19, 20, 26, 45, 114, 156, 50, 155

159, 155, 90, 26, 51, 44, 50, 100, 101, 61, 64, 66, 16, 17, 20, 25, 28, 45, 46, 50, 62, 74, 95, 97, 135, 145, 149, 37, 77, 20, 37, 44, 156, 85, 131, 57, 104, 110, 146, 147, 19, 90, 78, 26, 51, 96, 26, 51, 96, 97, 98, 81, 146, 2, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 21, 28, 36, 90, 96, 15, 35, 33, 37, 67, 156, 11, 15, 35, 34, 37, 10, 116, 17, 10, 15, 78, 91, 16, 27, 45, 126, 60, 151, 153, 60, 151, 154, 110, 59, 102, 55, 69, 75, 77, 113, 145, 76, 84, 101, 153, 114, 104, 39, 79, 56, 155, 74, 57, 70, 76, 57, 70, 76, 15, 155, 24, 95, 153, 122, 110, 38, 157, 92, 94, 26, 51, 49, 150, 152, 49, 113, 147, 152, 50, 100, 51, 113, 152, 55, 113, 153, 93, 98, 67, 86, 144, 39, 13, 133, 95, 102, 105, 102, 12, 37, 20, 33, 36

160, 27, 47, 54, 63, 127, 15, 19, 20, 22, 33, 38, 44, 46, 48, 57, 90, 110, 114, 155, 156, 91, 155 134 137, 156, 72, 77, 23, 26, 49, 51, 96, 26, 51, 153, 74, 153, 26, 51, 96, 151, 103, 151, 88, 131, 45, 94, 110, 114, 122, 126, 14, 32, 24, 35, 74, 150, 81, 35, 72, 26, 51, 96, 63, 11, 13, 16, 27, 33, 134, 23, 45, 47, 63, 61, 53, 60, 149, 114, 110, 52, 53, 117, 27, 45, 51, 60, 110, 113, 123, 67, 72, 2, 88, 101, 90, 37, 41, 88, 61, 70, 20, 155, 23, 45, 59, 75, 77, 92, 43, 49, 77, 49, 76, 67, 72, 96, 29, 92, 114, 11, 20, 48, 76, 117, 19, 135, 18, 119, 155, 20, 110, 19, 90, 46, 16, 17, 20, 25, 28, 45, 46, 95, 149, 16, 21, 28, 36, 90, 96, 36, 37, 17, 35, 18, 89

161, 27, 27, 16, 17, 23, 35, 26, 26, 26, 51, 96, 23, 45, 150, 91, 99, 23, 156, 155, 93, 111, 122, 58, 50, 26, 51, 104, 57, 101, 123, 50, 134, 37, 103, 140, 14, 15, 20, 33, 38, 39, 44, 45, 57, 60, 90, 126, 153, 54, 113, 20, 26, 45, 70, 81, 143, 11, 14, 21, 35, 40, 33, 25, 44, 59, 69, 75, 88, 46, 37