Women s history in Ghana: Changes of colonial Akan women s role Shino Notsu i ii 19 20
1960 1970 1975 10 1970 iii Urdang 1979 iv v 10 Berger vi
vii 1970 viii ix 2001:33 xi xii Akan Ga Ewe Dagomba Gonja Akan 1 Akan 40% xiii xiv 2 (Akan) 1900 1970 1970 1970 71 1971 1972 Ga xv 1973
xvi 1985 Aidoo 1985 Manuh 1991 PNDC xvii 2001 2002 xix 1970 xx xxi 15 xxii 18 19
xxiii xxiv xxv Ohemma Queen Mother Ewe Ga Dagonba Ga Queen Mother xxvi xxvii Akan Akan mogya xxviii
abusua ( ) Obaa na owoo barima Obaa na owoo ohene abusua abusua Asante Wo ni wu,w abusua asa abusua Akan xxix Asantehemma xxx Asantehene Asantehemma [Rattray 1923; Arhin 1983; Aidoo 1985] xxxi aberewa aberewa xxxii
Ohemma akonnua panyin akonnua panyin abusua 18 xxxiii 1995 1996 xxxiv 20 20
xxxv xxxvi xxxvii Queen mother 10 13 15 White 1999 xxxviii xxxix xl
xli xlii CMS 1806 1852 1 6000 1857 1843 76 Amadiume 1987
xliii 16 18 17 xliv 16 17 xlv 17 18 xlvi 19 1824 Yaa Kyaa Akyaawa Osei Yau xlvii xlviii 18
xlix 19 19 l li
Smock 1977;Oppong 1975 Pellow 1977 lii 1872 1874 1880 Yaa Akyaa liii liv Prempe lv lvi 1874 7 lvii 1896 R. A 1888 1891 1894 95 lviii 1896 lix 1904 1917
75 lx 1900 1900 Edweso Nana Yaa Asantewaa 1896 1900 28 Hodgson Yaa Asantewaa War Ofinso 15 60 1901 15 1922 lxi 1901 lxii lxiii
lxiv 1924 26 1935 lxv lxvi 100 lxvii lxviii lxix lxx 1920 lxxi
lxxii lxxiii lxxiv lxxv lxxvi SefwiWiawso 1925 1932 a crisis of gender relations lxxvii 1920 lxxviii
1891 1901 13 500 1931 1931 lxxix Hill 1956, 1963, 1970, 1975 1954 Akyem Hill 1963 Okali 1983 Mikell 1984, 1989, 1994 Vellenga 1986 20 100 lxxx lxxxi lxxxii lxxxiii lxxxiv
1920 lxxxv Ga lxxxvi lxxxvii Fanti Ga 19 lxxxviii
20 lxxxix xc 20 1881 1988 1918 xci 1920 xcii 10 2.2 xciii 1888 832 217 1,049 2,789 759 3,549 3,621 976 4,597 Graham, C.K, The history of education in Ghana, Frank Cass and company, Ltd. 1971, p79. xciv
Lady Woman xcv xcvi xcvii [15/4/1890] Kimble a reference group xcviii Victorian Lady
1965 xcix 1960 1990 mode of life
i ii iii Urdang, Stephanie, Fighting Two Colonialism: Woman in Guinea-Bissau, Monthly Review Press, 1979. iv Presley, Cora Ann, Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion, and Social Change in Kenya, Westview Press, 1992. 1999 p.1 v Presley, Cora Ann, Kikuyu Women, the Mau Mau Rebellion, and Social Change in Kenya, Westview Press, 1992. vi Berger, Iris and E. Francis White eds., Women in Sub-Saharan Afrca, Indiana University Press, 1999, p.6. vii Ibid., p.2. viii 1998 ix p. x 21 No.57 2001 xi Rattray, R.S., Ashanti, The Clarendon Press, 1923. Wilks, Ivor. Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The structure and evolution of a Political order, Cambridge University Press, 1975. xii Ashanti Ga Ewe xiii 2003 http://www.ghanaweb.com/ghanahomepage/tribes/akan.html xiv Aidoo, Agnes Akosua Women in The History and Culture of Ghana, Research Review Institute of African studies, 1985, p.14. xv Robertson, Claire Cone, Social and Economic Change in Twentieth Century Accra: Ga Women, University of Wisconsin, Doctor of Philosophy History, 1974. xvi Little, Kenneth, African Women in Towns: An Aspect of Africans Social Revolution, Cambridge University press, 1973. xvii Institute of African Studies. University of Ghana 1960 MA course M.Phil xviii xix Aidoo, op. cit., 1985, p.14.
Ibid. ( ) xx Pellow, Deborah. Women in Accra, Reference Publication Inc, 1977. xxi Aidoo, op. cit., p.16. xxii 13 Akan xxii 16 17 xxiii Aidoo, op. cit., p.16. xxiv Ibid., p.17. xxv Ashanti Asante Asantee xxvi 1993.310 Callaway, Barbara. J, Women in Ghana, Women in the world: A Comparative Study, ed., Lynne B. liglitzin and Ruth Ross, Clio Books,1976,pp.189-199. xxvii 1999 p.83 xxviii Aidoo, op. cit., p.17. xxix Ibid., p.18. xxx Aidoo, op. cit., pp.37-38. xxxi No.668 1989 p.18 xxxii Aidoo, op. cit., p.37. xxxiii 1999 p.162 xxxiv 2001 p.111 xxxv Aidoo, op. cit., p.16. xxxvi Ibid. xxxvii White, op. cit., p.66. xxxviii Ibid., p.68. xxxix Ibid., p.70. xl 16 1982 p.35 xli White, op. cit., p.70. xlii Ibid., p.70. xliii Women s war 1929 xliv White, op. cit., p.72 73. xlv Ibid., p.73. xlvi Ibid., p.86 87. xlvii Ibid., p.87 88. xlviii Aidoo, Agnes Akosua, Women in The History and Culture of Ghana Research Review, Institute of
African studies, Legon.1985. xlix White, op. cit., p.90. l Ibid., p.83. li lii Smock, Audrey Chapman Ghana: From Autonomy to Subordination, Giele, Janet zollinger and Smock, Audrey Chapman eds., Women: role and status in eight countries, Wiley, 1997, p.181. liii Asantehemmaa Nana Yaa Akyaa 1 1888-96) liv White, op. cit., p.88. lv Ibid., p.88 and Aidoo, op. cit., p.18. lvi lvii 1982 p.58 lviii Aidoo, op. cit., p.45. lix lx 1971 16 1982 lxi Aidoo, op. cit., p.45. lxii p.68 lxiii White, op. cit., p.96. lxiv p.88 lxv pp.88 89 lxvi White, op. cit., p.97. lxvii White, Ibid., p.99. lxviii 18 19 Hastings, Adrian, African Christianity: An essay in interpretation, Cambridge University Press, 1976. 1988 1 2 lxix Amadiume, Ifi, Male Daughters, Female husbands: Gender and sex in an African Society, Zed Books, 1987. lxx White, op. cit., p.101. lxxi Ibid., p.101. lxxii Ibid., p.102. lxxiii Ibid., pp.103-104. lxxiv Ibid., p.104. lxxv Ibid. lxxvi Ibid., p.105. lxxvii Ibid. lxxviii 19 Akuapen 1999 lxxix 1999 20
lxxx lxxxi Smock, op. cit., p.183. lxxxii Hill, Polly, The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana: A study in Rural Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, 1963, p.11, p.39, p.42, p.65, pp.116 117. lxxxiii White, op. cit., p.105. lxxxiv Ibid., p.107. lxxxv Ibid., pp.107-108. lxxxvi Ibid., p.108. lxxxvii Ibid., p.110. lxxxviii Smock, op. cit., p.181. lxxxix xc Smock, op. cit., pp.181-182. xci Sir Gordon Guggisberg: 1919 xcii 1957 xciii Smock, op. cit., p.182. xciv Ibid., p.182. xcv Kimble, David, A Political History of Ghana: The Rise of Gold Coast Nationalism 1850-1928, Oxford University Press, 1963,p.134. xcvi Ibid. xcvii Ibid.,.96, note 4. xcviii Ibid., op. cit., p.133. xcix Smock, op. cit., p.184.