25 Can't Japanese Teachers Make a Living from Teaching Japanese? A Historical Analysis of This Hypothesis 1 Keisuke Maruyama 90 10 90

26 1 1 2 1 2 2 10 1983 10

27 1 2 70

28 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1 75 10 2 86 10 91 90 10 2000 03 400 2 1 10 10 1981 1982 20 5 80 7 9 640 3 5 281 44 118 42 161 57 2 1 81 82

29 1 0.4 207 73.6 97 501 600 16.6 16 451 500 351 400 11.3 11 29 28 50 49 8 37.0 38 15.5 16 3 7 108 100 51.9 56 100 150 16.7 18 150 200 5.6 6 1 2,000 13.9 21 3,000 9.2 14 2,500 7.2 11 3,500 6.6 10 35 10,000 3 2,000 47.2 51 5 33.3 36 6 10 25.9 28 11 15 19.4 21 51 55 35 38 2 1 15.9 23 3.4 5 28.3 41 8 51 4 3

30 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 10 10 86 6 1986 83 2,200 92 8,700 2000 24,900 87 85 32 3 92 OL 3 4 7 85 4 4 46 26 420 8

31 15 10 80 90 9 85 86 1 40 120 39 OL 3 10 85 86 2 3 75 10 100 200 3 2 400 91 463 11 83 10 3 5 12

32 1990 13 1986 10 1987 2 3 4 1988 4 5 9 10 1989 1 2 30 40 14 20 30

33 80 90 10 15 2 4 85 95 16 3 3 84 20 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 86 86 1 100 1986 11 12 25

34 1988 2 4 7 10 4 88 12 CNN 6 7 3 10 9 6 9 17 89 18 1

35 / / / 2010 87 5 88 8 19 88 5 20 88 11 21 88 10 3 6 3.5 2,000 2 800 2 23 22 87 90

36 80 3 3 1 86 10 23 124 24 87 1989 88 200 70 25 A

37 26 1988 27 7 3 2 88 7 11

38 28 29 89 5 90 3 5 89 345 77 105 23 30 2010 3 3 10 83 20 84 31

39 89 32 90 93 29.8 33 6.7 94 34 4 4 1 35 91 463 98 265

40 2 90 92 3.5 93 96 1.1 1 3 93 33,107 18,850 56.9 96 11,224 3,624 32.3 36 93 48.7 96 27.1 96 44.1 64.3 37 3.6 / 1.8 16.7 / 11.2 8.5 / 5.1 13.9 / 10.2 13.2 / 7.4 90 1990

41 1990 1,000 10 1 90 1993 4 20 12 1994 2 38 88 30 7 40.8 20 800 3,300 2,000 2,000 39 15 25

42 40 92 119 287 69 11 8 3 86 20 25 40 5 10 37 28 8 77 47 89 2 41 4 2 / / /

43 4 24 40 6 10 500 1 7 1994 8 24 42

44 96 11,224 7 98 265 4 94 90 93 5 90 80 43 90 5 1 95 1995 1 17 7

45 6,500 4.5 20 1999 3 1 2,324 7 9 12 4 1 3 3 3 21 4 78 66 8 10 65 8 1995 1 21 1 24 50 7 8 20 100 90

46 1995 1 24 1999 3 500 4 230 2 3 PTSD 44 20 20 30 2 3 20 13 6,300 1995 USA 78 93

47 2 96 2 98 10 96 97 45 3 5 2 95 97 85 235 1 79.75 3 95 7 1 46 97 IMF 47 2010 98 1 62 861 845 28 240 238 2 3 61 3 128 1,492 1,371 48

48 1998 1 2 2 3 5 8 6 4.9 5 5 3 98 99 10 10 83 96 926 1.7 78 97 1 10 10 49 2000 99 2 10 50 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

49 4 4 51 4 4 4 4 444 4 2,000 10 10 15 52 80 10 2000 5 4 10 2006 80 53 90 2012 34,392 20,786 60.4 2013 31,174 17,673 56.7 54 6

50 67 94 16,036 6,358 39.6 4 95 8 5 55 90

51 6 90 83 10

52 3 80 90 90

53 1 2010 p. 10 2 50 2 1982 1987 1990 1994 2014 89 3 2 4 / 75 50 10 7

54 5 6 86 10 6 10 3 400 7 86 6 17 8 85 86 87 4 2 1 9 420 10 86 4 5 2 5 8 87 6 23?

55 OL 11 2014 25 12 13 1990 pp. 104 127 14 1981 1982 10 15 2 2. 1986 16 85 6 23 17 1988 pp. 317 318 1989 18 1989 pp. 52 55 19 2010 pp. 7 8 20 88 5 5 21 31 22 1995 pp. 99 100

56 23 1992 24 2010 p. 9 25 1989 p. 37 26 25 27 1988 pp. 319 321 28 2010 p. 21 29 88 12 24 88 12 24 30 88 7 11 31 4 1 6 4 1 16 3 4 1 16 3 3 3 90 32 2010 p. 15 33 2001 34 35 2014 36 89

57 37 1997 38 1989 pp. 105 109 90 2 12 150 A 2 OL B 39 2 1 10 80 2,000 92 1 29 4 4 4 2,000 90 2,000 40 7 92 5 23 92 9 3 41 1 90 2 12 91 4 15 93 12 16 94 1 29 94 94 2 22 42 8

58 43 1997 pp. 47 48 96 1 00 5 96 9,000 03 2.7 1 97 44 1999 pp. 2 33 45 2013 b 46 95 7 10 47 97 12 4 IMF 48 1997 pp. 43 44 49 97 1 25 97 1 25 1.7 1997 p. 5 50 90 2 21 10 51 1999 p. 1

59 52 2000 53 2006 p. 780 54 2013 88 95 90 91 3.5 95 06 6.1 55 95 8 17 1986 1986 6 17 1992 1992 1 13 1990 88/4 89/3 Vol. 2 1997 29 1 1999 1989 2000 1998 2004 1994 1994 2 13

60 ELS 1983 1983 6 2013 a 23 b http://www.jasso.go.jp/statistics/ 1981 24 1982 25 1994 1994 2 27 1997 8 No.45 2010 20 2014 25 http://www.nisshinkyo.org/article/overview.html 1995 1995 4 6 1982 1987 1990 2 1994 5 1998 10 2013 25 http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/jittaichousa 2006 2001 http://www.moj.go.jp/nyuukokukanri/kouhou 1985 1992 1992 1 29

61 1995 10 7 1985? 1985 6 23 1993 1993 4 5 1988 1988 12 1997 http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa 1999 2,000 2 http://database.asahi.com/ library2/main/start.php http:// t21.nikkei.co.jp/g3/cmn0f12.do