IP 2010 10 1 1 IP (IP ) 2 IP IP 2.1 IP (IP ) 1
IP 2.2 (IP ) IP 2.3 DNS IP IP DNS DNS 3 (PC) PC PC PC Linux(ubuntu) PC TA 2
4 1,2 4.1 (Protocol) IP:Internet Protocol) 4.2 internet The Internet (internet) internet inter (interconnect) Web IP internet The Internet IP PC UTP TA UTP TA 3
4.3 IP IP IP (Source Host) (Destination Host) IP 1 IP 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Version THL Type Of Service Total Length Identification Flags Flagment Offset Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address 20Bytes Destination Address Options Padding Data 1: IP (IPv4) IP IP 4 32 00000000000000000000000000000000 11111111111111111111111111111111 8 10 2 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001 IP 11000000 = 2 7 + 2 6 = 128 + 64 = 192 10101000 = 2 7 + 2 5 + 2 3 = 128 + 32 + 8 = 168 4
01100100 = 2 6 + 2 5 + 2 2 = 32 + 16 + 4 = 100 00000001 = 2 0 = 1 10 192.168.100.1 IP 10 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 IPv4 1 IP 2 IP 2 (&) IP IPv4 32 0 32 2 192.168.100.1 IP 24 IP 192.168.100.1 = 11000000.10101000.01100100.00000001 24 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 192.168.100. IP 192.168.100.0 192.168.100.255 IP 24 192.168.100.1 IP / 192.168.100.1/24 10 24 255.255.255.0 IP 192.168.10.130 192.168.10.150 28 10.100.5.1 10.100.62.180 18 1 2 5
unix ifconfig PC ifconfig unix man apt-get update && apt-get install apt-cache search IP IP 4.4 IP IP 3 IP unix route 3 6
2 A B IP 45 Host A.10.5 eth0.1 Router B.1 eth0 eth0 eth1 192.168.0.0/24 10.100.0.0/16 Host C 2: 2 1 $ ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:12:34:56 inet addr:192.168.0.10 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 3: A IP $ route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.0.0 192.168.0.1 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 4: A 4 ifconfig 5 route route -n 7
$ ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:23:45:67 inet addr:192.168.0.1 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 $ ifconfig eth1 eth1 Link encap:ethernet HWaddr 52:55:00:23:45:88 inet addr:10.100.0.1 Bcast:10.100.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 5: B IP $ route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 6: B A 2 Flags U G (U) (gateway) (G) Destination Genmask 10.100.0.0/16 192.168.100.1 IP (Iface)eth0 (MSS,Window,irtt ) 1 Flags U Iface eth0 eth0 192.168.10.0/24 Gateway 0.0.0.0 C IP 10.100.0.5/16 C PC IP Destination 0.0.0.0 8
4.5 IP IP 4.5.1 ping IP ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) ICMP ICMP echo ICMP echo reply ping ping -n IP ping 7 2 PC UTP PC IP ping PC IP 192.168.100.0/24 Host A eth0 eth0.10.20 Host B 7: 2 2 ping PC sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 IP 4.5.2 tcpdump tcpdump tcpdump 9
ping 2 ping tcpdump ping ping tcpdump wireshark wireshark tcpdump wireshark (dst) (src) tcpdump man wireshark wireshark tcpdump 4.5.3 traceroute ping 2 ping traceroute traceroute IP TTL(Time To Live) ICMP 10
2 1 - - - ping 3 traceroute traceroute wireshark TTL ( ) IP OSI 3 (Ethernet) IP wireshark arp,route IP IP IP IP 11
5 3,4 5.1 IP 192.168.100.0/25 192.168.100.128/25 192.168.100.0/24 1,2 5.2 ( ) 8 10.100.10.10 $ route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 10.100.10.0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 10.100.0.0 192.168.10.1 255.255.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 8: ( :longest match) 1 eth0 ping traceroute 12
5.3 A B B A ping traceroute (router server) web looking glass traceroute PC traceroute 5.4 ( ) 10 50 9 A B C E F C A - B - D - E - F 13
Host A Router B Router C Router D Router E Host F 9: 2 4 ( ) 9 A A F F A ping traceroute tcpdump IP 192.168.0.0/16 IP TA RIP(Routing Information Protocol) RIP quagga RIP C D RIP quagga 14
RIP IP RIP OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) RIP OSPF RIP OSPF (redistribute)) RIP OSPF 15
6 5 DNS IP IP ( ) IP DNS(Domain Name System) web www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp DNS IP 157.82.13.244 6.1. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp.jp.ac.jp ac.jp jp. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp.. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp DNS (TLD:Top Level Domain).jp.com.net (SLD:Second Level Domain).ac.jp.google.com.ntt.com 3 4 DNS ( ) 16
6 web URL. web ping 6.2 DNS 3 (Resolver) DNS DNS PC IP IP (Cache Server) DNS (Contents Server) 6. 17
7 www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 10 5 4 6 "." Server "jp" Server 2 Cache Server 7 9 8 1 3 12 Resolver 11 10 "t.u-tokyo.ac.jp" Server "ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp" Server 10: 1. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 2. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 3. 4.. jp IP 5.. jp IP 6. jp ac.jp IP 7 6.1 DNS P2P 18
7. jp ac.jp IP 8. ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 9. t.u-tokyo.ac.jp ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 10. ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 11. ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP 12. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP. ( ) IP 13 IP 8 IP unix /etc/resolv.conf IP 8 13 DNS UDP 19
6.3 6.2 DNS ( :delegate) DNS (management priviledge) zone delegatoin priviledge delegation Contents Server sync Contents Server u-tokyo administrator management area zone delegatoin priviledge delegation Contents Server sync Contents Server t.u-tokyo administrator management area zone delegatoin priviledge delegation Contents Server sync Contents Server ee.t.u-tokyo administrator management area redundant path zone delegatoin priviledge delegation 11: DNS u-tokyo.ac.jp t.u-tokyo.ac.jp ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp DNS DNS (redundancy) 20
DNS DNS dig wireshark unix dnstracer DNS PC DNS DNS bind www.whitehouse.gov DNS 21
6.4 DNS (RR:Resource Record) (Record Type) DNS 6.4.1 A 6.2 ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp www.ee.t.utokyo.ac.jp IP A(Address) IPv4 A IPv6 AAAA (Quad A ) 6.4.2 NS 6.2 jp ac.jp IP NS(Name Server) NS IP NS A 6.4.3 SOA SOA(Start Of Authority) (TTL:Time To Live) www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp A (i.e. www.ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp IP ) ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp NS (i.e. ee.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp ) 22
TA PC DNS 6.4 MX CNAME IP (A ) IP PTR 23
7 6 TA TA DNS PC web (www.u-tokyo.ac.jp) web 24
[1] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Request for Comments (RFC), http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html [2] JPRS, DNS, http://jprs.jp/tech/ [3] WIDE University, School of Internet, http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/ [4] Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters, http://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters 25