1930 The popularization of Hagakure in 1930 s Japan Shinko TANIGUCHI The early 18 th -century text Hagakure, compiled by Yamamoto Jch and Tashiro Tsuramoto, is one of the seminal texts in bushido thought, and is particularly famous for the expression: The way of the warrior can be found in death. However, scholars have interpreted these sorts of phrases without considering the interpersonal relations between Jocho and Tsuramoto, neglecting political and social context unique to the Saga domain during the Edo period. Hagakure consists of two parts: one is the advice from Jocho to Tsuramoto as retainers in service to their lord; the other is a series of historical anecdotes of Saga lords and retainers during the 17 th century. The former part was published as the abridged version just after the Russo-Japanese War. Even after the publication of both parts of Hagakure during World War I, though, Hagakure was not much noticed, except for some persons who started researching Hagakure as an Edo-period source. Remarkable military feats of Saga soldiers at Manchuria and Shanghai were the initial impetus and opportunity for the Japanese public to adopt the Hagakure spirit. Particularly The Three Bombers, who sacrificed their lives for the victory at Shanghai, were passionately admired because of their bravery and patriotism toward their nation even though they were not professional soldiers. Newspapers were eager to report all efforts to console their souls; movies and music dramatically expressed their courage in their honorable action, which greatly moved the ordinary people. One of The Three Bombers was from Saga. In Tokyo, a writer, ki Yodo, beginning in 1936, published a series of books introducing Hagakure in plain Japanese and popularizing Hagakure outside Saga area. Characteristics of Hagakure, military exploits of Saga soldiers, the strategy of affecting people emotionally with mass- media, the educational efforts to teach local patriotism, the passionate nationalism of the ordinary people, the education of the minds who demanded Japanese ethos, all merged to remake Hagakure spirit as a special ethos for the Japanese people. Under the political, social and cultural conditions that prevailed before and during the Pacific War, the Hagakure spirit was gradually accepted as something that all Japanese people, with their shared blood, should have. 1716 1906 1916 285

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