untitled

16 Edge emphasis filter of images that uses Histogram 1050307 2005 2 18

RGB 9,, i

Abstract Edge emphasis filter of images that uses Histogram Noriaki Okamoto Theedgeemphasisfilter is usually used to recognize images of a face, printed wiring board, and general scenes. In many cases, it feature of the edge is emphasized by the filter which uses an operator. However, the filters sometimes can t accurately emphasize the edges of the images. In this paper, we have been proposed a filter which emphasizes theedgebyanoperatormadewiththeimage shistogram. Moreover,wehavebeen verified another filter which made with a histogram of a non-rgb color model image. Finally, we have been used the common filter to assess the validity of the proposed filters by experimenting with nine testers. key words Histogram, Raprashian, Edge emphasis filter ii

1 1 2 3 3 5 3.1................................... 5 3.2.............................. 6 3.3................................. 6 3.3.1........................... 7 3.3.2............................. 8 3.3.3................................ 9 3.3.4................................ 11 3.3.5........................... 11 3.3.6................................ 14 4 16 4.1................................... 16 4.2................................... 17 4.3.......................... 18 4.3.1 Roberts................................ 18 4.3.2 Prewitt................................ 19 4.3.3 Sobel................................. 20 4.3.4 4................................. 21 4.3.5 8................................. 22 4.3.6 1................................ 23 iii

4.3.7 2 ( )........................ 24 4.4 Filter8............................. 25 4.5................................... 26 4.5.1..................... 26 4.5.2............... 29 4.5.3.................... 30 4.5.4...................... 32 4.6................................ 33 4.7................................... 35 5 37 5.1...................................... 37 5.2.................................. 39 40 41 A 42 B 45 C 46 iv

1.1 ( ) ( ) ( )......... 1 3.1.................... 5 3.2......................... 5 3.3................................. 9 3.4................................ 10 3.5.......................... 15 4.1 Roberts............................. 18 4.2 ( ).......................... 18 4.3 ( ) Roberts..................... 18 4.4 ( ).............................. 18 4.5 ( ) Roberts........................ 18 4.6 Prewitt............................. 19 4.7 ( ).......................... 19 4.8 ( ) Prewitt..................... 19 4.9 ( ).............................. 19 4.10 ( ) Prewitt........................ 19 4.11 Sobel.............................. 20 4.12 ( ).......................... 20 4.13 ( ) Sobel...................... 20 4.14 ( ).............................. 20 4.15 ( ) Sobel.......................... 20 4.16 ( ).......................... 21 v

4.17 ( ) 4...................... 21 4.18 ( ).............................. 21 4.19 ( ) 4......................... 21 4.20 ( ).......................... 22 4.21 ( ) 8...................... 22 4.22 ( ).............................. 22 4.23 ( ) 8......................... 22 4.24 1............................. 23 4.25 ( ).......................... 23 4.26 ( ) 1.................... 23 4.27 ( ).............................. 23 4.28 ( ) 1........................ 23 4.29 (2 ).................... 24 4.30 ( ).......................... 24 4.31 ( ) 2.................... 24 4.32 ( ).............................. 24 4.33 ( ) 2........................ 24 4.34 ( ).......................... 25 4.35 ( ) Filter8..................... 25 4.36 ( ).............................. 25 4.37 ( ) Filter8......................... 25 4.38......................... 29 4.39 HSV Filter8..... 30 4.40 YUV Filter8 ( ) ( ) 30 4.41 3 RGB HSV YUV Filter8................................ 31 vi

4.42............................. 32 4.43 2.......................... 32 4.44 Filter8........................... 32 4.45................................. 32 4.46 2............................... 32 4.47 Filter8............................... 32 4.48............................. 33 4.49 2.......................... 33 4.50 Filter8........................... 33 4.51................................. 33 4.52 2............................... 33 4.53 Filter8............................... 33 4.54................................ 34 4.55........................ 34 4.56 Filter8(HSV H) Earth.png.......... 35 4.57 Balloon.png............................. 36 4.58 Mandrill.png............................ 36 5.1.............................. 38 A.1 Aerial.eps............................. 42 A.2 Airplane.eps............................ 42 A.3 Balloon.eps............................ 42 A.4 couple.eps............................. 42 A.5 Earth.eps............................. 43 A.6 Girl.eps.............................. 43 A.7 Lenna.eps............................. 43 vii

A.8 Mandrill.eps............................ 43 A.9 milkdrop.eps........................... 44 A.10 Parrots.eps............................ 44 A.11 Pepper.eps............................. 44 A.12 Sailboat.eps............................ 44 B.1 kanban.eps( ).............. 45 B.2 kanban g.eps( )............... 45 B.3 copen.eps.................... 45 B.4 test 01.eps................... 45 C.1 c 01.eps.............................. 46 C.2 c 01n.eps............................. 46 C.3 c 02.eps.............................. 46 C.4 c 02n.eps............................. 46 viii

3.1................................ 11 3.2............................... 11 3.3.......................... 12 3.4 imgarray.java............................. 12 3.5 imgarray.java................... 13 3.6 ex fil.java............................... 14 4.1............................ 16 4.2............................. 16 4.3............................. 17 ix

1 8 2 ( ) Prewitt Sobel Prewitt Sobel 8 3 3 2-4 1 P P(i,j) Q(i,j) P P(i,j) 3 3 OP(i-1,j-1) OP(i+1,j+1) Q(i,j) 1.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1

Q (i,j) = 1X ³ 1X j= 1 i= 1 (OP (i,j) P (i,j) ) (1.1) 2-4 4 Q(i,j) (i,j) 24bitRGB 2

2 3 1 1 3

4

3 3.1 SIDBA Standard Image Data-BAse 3.1 Balloon.png 12 200 500 CCD 300 600 3.1 3.2 5

3.2 3.2 HSV YUV HSV YUV YUV 3.3 3 1 3 3 1 6

3.3 3 3.3.1 8 2 2 HSV YUV 2 3 3 3 3 7

3.3 3 3 HSV YUV 3 3 8 3.3.2 100 100 512 512 256 262144 512 512 100 100 0.00038146972 0.0381 500 100 0.2 20 8

3.3 3.3 3.3.3 JPEG JPEG RAW JPEG TIFF JPEG JPEG BMP 24bit PNG PNG GIF 3.4 1. JPEG PNG 9

3.3 3.4 2. 3. 0 255 4. 5. 6. 1 7. 3-4 10

3.3 3.3.4 CPU AMD AthlonXP 3000+ RAM PC3200 512MB 2 OS Windows2000Professional( ) Sun Microsystems Java 2 SDK,SE v1.4.2 EDITOR v4.14 3.1 CPU RAM OS Intel Pentium4 3.2GHz PC3200 DDR 1GB WindowsXP Professional( ) 3.2 3.3.5 4 4 2 imgarray.java 11

3.3 RGB RGB RGB 24bit 0 255 HSV YUV RGB ex fil.java main imgarray java ex fil -Filter8(RGB) test.jpg png test ex fil.class test.jpg Filter8 test Filter8.png GUI GUI ex fil.java imgarray.java 3.3 filename String pix int[] ( ) width int height int 3.4 imgarray.java 12

3.3 imgarray void String filename imgarray void int x,y, String filename imgarray void N/A getfilename String N/A setfilename void String FileName getw int N/A setw void int neww geth int N/A seth void int newh getr/g/b int int x,y RGB / / setr/g/b void int x,y,z RGB / / getrgb int int x,y 24bit RGB setrgb void int x,y,z 24bit RGB getyuv int int x,y,yuv YUV (yuv:0=y,1=u,2=v, =Y) gethsv int int x,y,hsv HSV (hsv:0=h,1=s,2=v, =H) outputimg void String outfilename PNG outputimg void String outfilename, int Fo outputimg void String outfilename, String Fo copyarray imgarray N/A 3.5 imgarray.java 3.3.5 Filter5 C Filter7 Filter5 Filter8 Filter8 Filter8 Filter5 7 0 100 Filter8 Filter5 7 0 100 0 1 0 1 13

3.3 main void String[] args F choose cmykw imgarray imgarray inarr,int C F nega imgarray imgarray inarr F gray avg imgarray imgarray inarr (RGB ) F gray rgb imgarray imgarray inarr, int C (RGB ) F gray big imgarray imgarray inarr (RGB ) F gray mini imgarray imgarray inarr (RGB ) F mirror h imgarray imgarray inarr ( ) F mirror v imgarray imgarray inarr ( ) E p diff x imgarray imgarray inarr 1 (X ) E p diff y imgarray imgarray inarr 1 (Y ) E p diff xy imgarray imgarray inarr 1 E s diff imgarray imgarray inarr E prewitt imgarray imgarray inarr Prewitt E sobel imgarray imgarray inarr Sobel E gradient imgarray imgarray inarr E roberts imgarray imgarray inarr Roberts E 4kin imgarray imgarray inarr 4 E 8kin imgarray imgarray inarr 8 E Kirsch imgarray imgarray inarr Kirsch op process imgarray imgarray inarr, int[] op 1, int[] op 2 3X3 op process spot int imgarray inarr, int[] op 1, int[] op 2, 3X3 intx,inty,intc histgram imgarray imgarray inarr (RGB ) histgram rgb imgarray imgarray inarr, int C (RGB ) data rgb imgarray imgarray inarr, String FN RGB CSV yuv imgarray imgarray inarr, String YUV YUV filter 5 imgarray imgarray inarr, int V Filter5 filter 6 imgarray imgarray inarr Filter6 filter 7 imgarray imgarray inarr Filter7 hist paint 1 imgarray imgarray inarr HSV H imgarray imgarray inarr HSV HSV S imgarray imgarray inarr HSV HSV V imgarray imgarray inarr HSV HSV RGB imgarray imgarray inarr HSV RGB SuperHistgram imgarray imgarray inarr color model imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM color model hist imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM color model hist draw imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM Filter8 imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM Filter8 Filter9 imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM Filter9 FilterA imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM FilterA FilterB imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM FilterB FilterC imgarray imgarray inarr, String CM FilterC 3.6 ex fil.java Filter8 3.3.6 14

3.3 3.5 3.5 3 3 1 9 15

4 4.1 RGB 24bit 12 4.3 4 CG 4 20 4 8 1 2 Sobel Prewitt Roberts Filter8 4.1 4.2 CPU AMD AthlonXP 3000+ RAM PC3200 512MB 2 OS Windows2000Professional( ) Sun Microsystems Java 2 SDK,SE v1.4.2 4.1 CPU RAM OS Intel PentiumM 1.7GHz PC2700 SODIM 512MB WindowsXP Home( ) MS-Office2003 Excel2003 VBA 4.2 16

4.2 4.2 FinePix S5000 310 ( 314 ) 1/2.7 CCD HR/ xd- 16MB 512MB DCF Exif Ver.2.2 JPEG /DPOF CCD- RAW 2816 2120/2048 1536/1600 1200/1280 960(pixcel) 10 f=5.7mm 57mm(35mm :37mm 370mm ) F F2.8 F3.2 F2.8 F8 10 1/3 [ ] 90cm /[ ] 2.0m, [ ] 10cm 2.0m/[ ] 90cm 2.0m AUTO ISO160 400 ISO 200 400 800 TTL64 / / / AE/ AE/ -2.0EV +2.0EV 1/3EV 2 1/2000 AF TTL AF AF / ( / / / / / ) 4.3 17

4.3 4.3 4.3.1 Roberts Roberts (x,y) (x,y+1) 4.1 4.3.1 4.3.1 Roberts 4.1 Roberts 4.2 ( ) 4.3 ( ) Roberts 4.4 ( ) 4.5 ( ) Roberts 18

4.3 4.3.2 Prewitt Prewitt 2 4.6 3 4.3.2 4.3.2 4.6 Prewitt 4.7 ( ) 4.8 ( ) Prewitt 4.9 ( ) 4.10 ( ) Prewitt 19

4.3 4.3.3 Sobel Sobel Prewitt 2 Prewitt 4.11 Sobel 4.12 ( ) 4.13 ( ) Sobel 4.14 ( ) 4.15 ( ) Sobel 20

4.3 4.3.4 4 4 4.16 ( ) 4.17 ( ) 4 4.18 ( ) 4.19 ( ) 4 21

4.3 4.3.5 8 8 4 4 4.20 ( ) 4.21 ( ) 8 4.22 ( ) 4.23 ( ) 8 22

4.3 4.3.6 1 1 3 3 4.24 2 2 2 2 2 4.24 1 4.25 ( ) 4.26 ( ) 1 4.27 ( ) 4.28 ( ) 1 23

4.3 4.3.7 2 ( ) (2 ) 4.29 (2 ) 4.30 ( ) 4.31 ( ) 2 4.32 ( ) 4.33 ( ) 2 24

4.4 Filter8 4.4 Filter8 4.34 ( ) 4.35 ( ) Filter8 4.36 ( ) 4.37 ( ) Filter8 25

4.5 4.5 4.5.1 Java Filter8 3000 public static imgarray Filter8(imgArray inarr, String CM) { System.out.println("* EDGE:Filter8(" + CM + ") [" + inarr.getfilename() + "]..."); int[][][] temparr = new int[3][inarr.getw()][inarr.geth()]; imgarray outarr = new imgarray(inarr.getw(),inarr.geth(),"filter8(" + CM + ")"); int[] hist = new int[360]; int max = 255; int big = 0; int f = 1000; if (CM.equals("RGBR")) { max = 255; } else if (CM.equals("RGBG")) { max = 255; } else if (CM.equals("RGBB")) { max = 255; } else if (CM.equals("HSVH")) { max = 359; } else if (CM.equals("HSVS")) { max = 100; } else if (CM.equals("HSVV")) { max = 100; } else if (CM.equals("YUVY")) { max = 255; } else if (CM.equals("YUVU")) { max = 255; } else if (CM.equals("YUVV")) { max = 255; } else { max = 255; } // for (int y=0; y<inarr.geth(); y++) { for (int x=0; x<inarr.getw(); x++) { int P; int R, G, B; if (CM.equals("RGBR")) { P = inarr.getr(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("RGBG")) { P = inarr.getg(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("RGBB")) { P = inarr.getb(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("HSVH")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,0); if (P >= 360) { P = (P % 360); } else if (P < 0 ) { P = P + 360; } } else if (CM.equals("HSVS")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,1); } else if (CM.equals("HSVV")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,2); } else if (CM.equals("YUVY")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,0); } else if (CM.equals("YUVU")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,1); } else if (CM.equals("YUVV")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,2); } else { P = 0; } 26

4.5 hist[p]++; if (hist[p] > big) { big = hist[p]; } } } // for (int y=0; y<inarr.geth(); y++) { for (int x=0; x<inarr.getw(); x++) { int P; int R, G, B; if (CM.equals("RGBR")) { P = inarr.getr(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("RGBG")) { P = inarr.getg(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("RGBB")) { P = inarr.getb(x,y); } else if (CM.equals("HSVH")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,0); if (P >= 360) { P = (P % 360); } else if (P < 0 ) { P = P + 360; } } else if (CM.equals("HSVS")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,1); } else if (CM.equals("HSVV")) { P = inarr.gethsv(x,y,2); } else if (CM.equals("YUVY")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,0); } else if (CM.equals("YUVU")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,1); } else if (CM.equals("YUVV")) { P = inarr.getyuv(x,y,2); } else { P = 0; } R = G = B = P; if (CM.equals("HSVH")) { int H, S, V; H = (P % 360); S = 100; V = 100; R = (int)((math.cos(math.max(0,math.toradians((double)(h + 0)))) * 128.0 + 64.0)); G = (int)((math.cos(math.max(0,math.toradians((double)(h + 240)))) * 128.0 + 64.0)); B = (int)((math.cos(math.max(0,math.toradians((double)(h + 120)))) * 128.0 + 64.0)); R = Math.min(255,Math.max(0,R)); G = Math.min(255,Math.max(0,G)); B = Math.min(255,Math.max(0,B)); } temparr[0][x][y] = hist[r] * f / big; temparr[1][x][y] = hist[g] * f / big; temparr[2][x][y] = hist[b] * f / big; } } for (int y=1; y<inarr.geth()-1; y++) { for (int x=1; x<inarr.getw()-1; x++) { int R, G, B; R = Math.max( Math.min( ( (inarr.getr(x+1,y ) * temparr[0][x+1][y ] ) + (inarr.getr(x-1,y ) * temparr[0][x-1][y ] ) + (inarr.getr(x,y+1) * temparr[0][x ][y+1] ) 27

4.5 + (inarr.getr(x,y-1) * temparr[0][x ][y-1] ) - (inarr.getr(x,y ) * temparr[0][x ][y ] * 4) ) / f,255),0); G = Math.max( Math.min( ( (inarr.getg(x+1,y ) * temparr[1][x+1][y ] ) + (inarr.getg(x-1,y ) * temparr[1][x-1][y ] ) + (inarr.getg(x,y+1) * temparr[1][x ][y+1] ) + (inarr.getg(x,y-1) * temparr[1][x ][y-1] ) - (inarr.getg(x,y ) * temparr[1][x ][y ] * 4) ) / f,255),0); B = Math.max( Math.min( ( (inarr.getb(x+1,y ) * temparr[2][x+1][y ] ) + (inarr.getb(x-1,y ) * temparr[2][x-1][y ] ) + (inarr.getb(x,y+1) * temparr[2][x ][y+1] ) + (inarr.getb(x,y-1) * temparr[2][x ][y-1] ) - (inarr.getb(x,y ) * temparr[2][x ][y ] * 4) ) / f,255),0); outarr.setr(x,y,r); outarr.setg(x,y,g); outarr.setb(x,y,b); } } } System.out.println(" return outarr; done."); 28

4.5 4.38 4.5.2 3 20 29

4.5 4.39 HSV Filter8 4.40 YUV Filter8 ( ) ( ) 4.5.3 RBG 24bit RGB RGB RGB 3 3 HSV YUV HSV YUV HSV HSV YUV RGB 2 RGB Filter8 30

4.5 4.41 3 RGB HSV YUV Filter8 4.39 Filter8 HSV HSV HSV H S V Filter8 4.40 YUV Filter8 YUV Y U V 4.41 RGB HSV YUV HSV YUV U V 31

4.5 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 4.5.4 (2 ) 4.42 4.43 4.44 2 Filter8 4.45 4.46 2 4.47 Filter8 32

4.6 4.48 4.49 4.50 2 Filter8 4.51 4.52 2 4.53 Filter8 4.6 1 3 8 2 1 Sobel Prewitt Filter8 6 12 4 4 20 9 4.54 4.55 2 4.55 Balloon.png Mandrill.png Filter8 Balloon.png 4.57 Filter8 Mandrill.png 4.58 33

4.6 4.54 4.55 34

4.7 4.56 Filter8(HSV H) Earth.png 4.7 2 2 2 Filter8 Filter8 HSV H 4.56 H 35

4.7 4.57 Balloon.png 4.58 Mandrill.png 36

5 5.1 2 Baloon.png 2 Filter8 4.5.4 Balloonn.png Filter8 test 01.jpg 5.1 1 Filter8 2 Filter8 37

5.1 0 1 4 4 1 Filter8 0 1 1 0 Filter8 5.1 HSV H S V YUV U V Y 38

5.2 5.2 20 Filter8 9 1 3 3 39

CAST CAST 4 4 3 4 40

[1] :,Ohmsha, p.56-62,2002. [2] :,, p.76-82,2001. [3] http://www.sp.ee.musashi-tech.ac.jp/ 41

A A.1 Aerial.eps A.2 Airplane.eps A.3 Balloon.eps A.4 couple.eps 42

A.5 Earth.eps A.6 Girl.eps A.7 Lenna.eps A.8 Mandrill.eps 43

A.9 milkdrop.eps A.10 Parrots.eps A.11 Pepper.eps A.12 Sailboat.eps 44

B B.1 B.2 kanban.eps( ) kanban g.eps( ) B.3 copen.eps B.4 test 01.eps 45

C C.1 c 01.eps C.2 c 01n.eps C.3 c 02.eps C.4 c 02n.eps 46